Anatomy - Embryology Of The Heart And Great Vessels

Front 1

the primordium of the heart forms from which germ layer?

Back 1

the splanchnic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm

Front 2

does the primordium of the heart form at the rostral or caudal end of the embryo?

Back 2

rostral

Front 3

which cell clusters coalesce to form the right and left endocardial tubes?

Back 3

angiogenic cell clusters

Front 4

where are the angiogenic cell clusters located?

Back 4

in a horse-shoe shape around the neural plate

Front 5

which embryonic feature becomes the pericardial cavity?

Back 5

intraembryonic coelom

Front 6

the dorsal aortae develop on either side of which embryonic structure? They become continuous with which structures?

Back 6

notochord; endocardial tubes

Front 7

why are the endocardial tubes forced into the thorax?

Back 7

longitudinal folding

Front 8

what effect does lateral folding of the embryo have on the endocardial tubes?

Back 8

brings them together in the midline where they fuse together

Front 9

what is the name for the structure which arises from the fusion of the two endocardial tubes in the embryo?

Back 9

primary heart tube

Front 10

at which ends of the endocardial tubes does fusion not occur?

Back 10

caudalmost

Front 11

the primary heart tube is suspended in the primitive pericardial cavity by what structure?

Back 11

dorsal mesocardium

Front 12

what is the fate of the dorsal mesocardium?

Back 12

it breaks down so that the primary heart tube is completely surrounded by pericardium

Front 13

the primary heart tube is anchored in the pericardium by its connections with which structure? Is this connection cranial or caudal?

Back 13

dorsal aortae; cranial

Front 14

the primary heart tube is connected with which structure at its caudal end?

Back 14

vitelloumbilical veins

Front 15

what is the name of the caudalmost expansion of the primary heart tube? What forms the caudalmost structure of the primary heart tube?

Back 15

primitive atrium; sinus venosus

Front 16

what are the two main components of the sinus venosus?

Back 16

right and left sinus horns

Front 17

which veins drain into the right and left sinus horns?

Back 17

common cardinal veins

Front 18

in the primary heart tube, which sulcus lies cranial to the primitive atrium?

Back 18

atrioventricuar sulcus

Front 19

what does the atrioventricular sulcus form internally?

Back 19

atrioventricular canal

Front 20

which expansion of the primary heart tube is cranial to the primitive atrium and the AV sulcus?

Back 20

primitive ventricle

Front 21

which atrium does the primitive atrium eventually become?

Back 21

both left and right

Front 22

which ventricle does the primitive ventricle eventually become?

Back 22

the left ventricle

Front 23

the interventricular sulcus of the primary heart tube divides which two expansions?

Back 23

primitive ventricle and bulbus cordis

Front 24

what does the interventricular sulcus form internally?

Back 24

interventricular septum

Front 25

what are the 3 parts of the bulbus cordis?

Back 25

bulbus cordis, conus cordis, truncus arteriosus

Front 26

what structures of the heart does the bulbus cordis become? The conus cordis? The truncus arteriosis?

Back 26

right ventricle; outflow tract of both ventricles; roots and proximal parts of aorta and pulmonary trunk

Front 27

at its superior end, to what is the truncus arteriosus connected?

Back 27

first aortic arch

Front 28

what is the result of having the caudal and cranial ends of the heart tube anchored in the pericardium?

Back 28

when it elongates, it is forced to bend and twist on itself

Front 29

in the normal folding of the heart, the cephalic portion of the heart tube bends ________, ________, and to the ________ while the caudal portion bends ______, ________, and to the _______.

Back 29

ventrally; caudally; right; dorsally; cranially; right

Front 30

how does the atioventricular canal change orientation during cardiac looping?

Back 30

it shifts medially so it is in touch with both ventricles and not uniquely the left ventricle

Front 31

what is the name for the first part of the interatrial septum?

Back 31

septum primum

Front 32

which features appear in the area of the AV canal as it moves medially?

Back 32

endocardial cushions

Front 33

the septum primum grows from where to where?

Back 33

dorsal wall of primitive atrium to endocardial cushions of AV canal

Front 34

what is the name of the opening formed by the free end of the septum primum?

Back 34

ostium primum

Front 35

to which features of the AV canal does septum primum bind?

Back 35

endocardial cushions

Front 36

what happens as septum primum binds to endocardial cushions?

Back 36

perforations appear in the upper portion of the septum primum

Front 37

the perforations of the septum primum coalesce to form what structure of the embryonic heart?

Back 37

ostium secundum

Front 38

what is the name of the septum which forms immediately to the right of the septum primum?

Back 38

septum secundum

Front 39

which of the interatrial septa does not completely form a partition in the atrial cavity?

Back 39

septum secundum

Front 40

what is the name for the gap left in the septum secundum? This allows for communication between which chambers of the heart?

Back 40

foramen ovale; left and right atria

Front 41

in the cardiac loop, what separates the two future ventricles of the heart?

Back 41

interventricular sulcus

Front 42

which divide the atrioventricular canal?

Back 42

endocardial cushions

Front 43

what happens in the region of the interventricular sulcus to help separate the two ventricles?

Back 43

muscular tissue begins to protrude into the cardiac lumen from the floor of the ventricles towards the endocardial cushions

Front 44

which two events characterize the formation of the membranous part of the interventricular septum?

Back 44

further growth of the endocardial cushions and downgrowth from the septum that divides the truncus ateriosus

Front 45

the cardiac outflow pathway is divided into two by right and left _______________ that grow from opposite walls of the ____________________ and the __________________.

Back 45

truncoconal swellings; conus cordis; truncus ateriosus

Front 46

what is the name for the septum which forms to separate the two major outflow tracts of the right and left ventricles?

Back 46

aorticopulmonary septum

Front 47

how does the aorticopulmonary septum develop?

Back 47

as a spiral

Front 48

separation of the aortic and pulmonary outflow tracts becomes complete when the truncoconal swellings fuse with the ______________ and _________________.

Back 48

endocardial cushions; interventricular septum

Front 49

initially, how does blood enter the heart tube?

Back 49

sinus venosus

Front 50

which three veins drain into each horn of the sinus venosus?

Back 50

common cardinal veins, vitelline veins, and umbilical veins

Front 51

the vitelline veins drain blood from where in the embryo?

Back 51

yolk sac and derivatives of the gut tube

Front 52

the vitelline venous system gives rise to what? This carries blood from where to where?

Back 52

liver sinusoids; gastointestinal tract to liver

Front 53

on the visceral suface of the liver, the ductus venosus shunts blood from where to where?

Back 53

umbilical vein to inferior vena cava

Front 54

umbilical veins bring blood from where?

Back 54

placenta

Front 55

the right sinus horn becomes the most proximal portion of the ___________ and _________________.

Back 55

inferior vena cava and superior vena cava

Front 56

what happens to the sinus venosus as the heart is enlarging?

Back 56

the right side is incorporated into the posterior wall of the developing atrium

Front 57

what is the name for the part of the sinus venosus that becomes part of the right atrium?

Back 57

sinus venarum

Front 58

what is the destiny of the portion of the primitive atrium which is displaced by the sinus venarum?

Back 58

right auricle

Front 59

what is the name for the line which divides the smooth and rough aspects of the right atrium?

Back 59

crista terminalis

Front 60

what is the destiny of the left sinus horn?

Back 60

coronary sinus

Front 61

the pulmonary veins sprout from the _________________ and grow towards the lungs.

Back 61

primitive atrium

Front 62

which vessels are reabsorbed by the left atrium and displace the original aspect of the atrium, forcing it to become the left auricle?

Back 62

pulmonary veins

Front 63

what are the components of the arterial system of the embryo?

Back 63

dorsal aortae and aortic arch arteries

Front 64

as the longitudinal folding forces the endocardial tubes into the ventral thorax, what happens to the paired dorsal aortae?

Back 64

they are pulled ventrally to form a pair of dorsoventral loops

Front 65

the dorsoventral loops formed by the dorsal aortae form what aspect of the arterial system?

Back 65

1st aortic arch

Front 66

the aortic arches develop in which succession?

Back 66

craniocaudal

Front 67

the embryonic aortic arch system is eventually remodeled to form what?

Back 67

system of great arteries in the upper thorax and neck

Front 68

the 4th aortic arch undergoes assymetric remodeling. On the right side, the 4th aortic arch loses its connections with the ___________ and the ______________ and contributes to the ______________________.

Back 68

dorsal aorta; 6th aortic arch; right subclavian artery

Front 69

the proximal parts of the 6th aortic arch form what?

Back 69

pulmonary arteries

Front 70

from which embryonic structure does the pulmonary trunk develop?

Back 70

truncus arteriosus

Front 71

on the ____________ side, the distal part of the 6th aortic arch disappears and on the _________ side, the distal part forms the _______________.

Back 71

right; left; ductus arteriosus

Front 72

what is responsible for the assymetry of the left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves?

Back 72

asymmetric development of right and left aortic arches

Front 73

the right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves arise where? The left nerve is caught under where? The right?

Back 73

below the level of 6th aortic arch; 6th aortic arch; 4th aortic arch

Front 74

the dorsal aortae fuse in the region of the aortic arches to form what?

Back 74

descending aorta

Front 75

the foramen ovale shunts blood from which chamber to which other chamber?

Back 75

right to left atrium

Front 76

which feature shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta?

Back 76

ductus arteriosus

Front 77

what does the ductus venosus shunt? What does it bypass?

Back 77

oxygenated blood from umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava; the liver

Front 78

are the foetal lungs high or low resistance? Adult lungs?

Back 78

high; low

Front 79

what happens upon the first breath of a newborn?

Back 79

lungs expand, pulmonary vessels open, and resistance of pulmonary circuit drops

Front 80

the closure of umbilical veins results in the formation of what?

Back 80

ligamentum teres hepatis

Front 81

the closure of umbilical arteries results in the formation of what?

Back 81

medial umbilical ligaments

Front 82

which pressure changes in the atria cause the foramen ovale to close?

Back 82

larger pressure in the left atrium and reduced pressure in the right atrium

Front 83

what is the name for the remnant of the foamen ovale?

Back 83

fossa ovalis

Front 84

the closure of the ductus arteriosus results in the formation of what?

Back 84

ligamentum arteriosus

Front 85

the closure of the ductus venosus results in the formation of what? Where is this?

Back 85

ligamentum venosum; fissure on the visceral surface of the liver at the root of the lesser omentum

Front 86

what is coartation of the heart? What are they two catagories?

Back 86

severe constriction of the aorta in the regions of the ductus arteriosus; pre-ductal or post-ductal

Front 87

what is the most common form of an atrial septum defect (ASD)?

Back 87

a probe patent foramen ovale where the septum primum and the septum secundum form an incomplete seal

Front 88

in which portion of the interventricular septum is a ventricular septal defect normally found?

Back 88

membranous portion

Front 89

what is the problem in a patent ductus arteriosus?

Back 89

abnormal circulation between aorta and pulmonary trunk

Front 90

what are the four anatomical components associated with Tetralogy of Fallot?

Back 90

ventricular septal defect, pulmonic stenosis, over-riding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy

Front 91

what is transposition of the great vessels?

Back 91

when the pulmonary trunk arises from the left ventricle and the aorta from the right ventricle.

Front 92

what is dextrocardia? People who suffer from dextrocardia also usually suffer from what?

Back 92

when the primitive heart folds to the right instead of to the left; situs inversus