Anatomy Embryology 1.2 :: Complete

Front 1

menstrual cycles are regulated by the ? via the production of what hormones?

Back 1

Hypothalamus

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Front 2

GnRH induces production of gonadotropins in the anterior ?

Back 2

anterior pituitary

Front 3

REMEMBER

gonadotropins

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Back 3

REMEMBER

gonadotropins

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Front 4

What hormone induces follicle development?

Back 4

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Front 5

What hormone triggers ovulation, revives meiosis I?

Back 5

Lutenizing Hormone (LH)

Front 6

During follicle development the follicular cells and stromal cells condense and form?

Back 6

follicle development => Granulosa cells

stromal cells => Thecal cells

Front 7

Theca cells and granulosa cells produce what hormone?

Back 7

Estrogens

Front 8

What hormone causes endometrial proliferation in the uterus preparing it for implantation?

Back 8

Estrogen

Front 9

Production of estrogen from theca and granulosa cells would negatively inhibit what hormone?

Causes increase production of what hormone?

Back 9

Follicle stimulating hormone


LH production

Front 10

A small scar that form from oocytes that fail to achieve dominance and regress.

(the fate of most oocytes)

Back 10

Corpus Atreticum

Front 11

Oocyte that attains dominance and reenters meiosis I

Back 11

Graafian Follicle

Front 12

Formation of an avascular spot on the ovarian surface from the graafian follicle.

Back 12

Stigma

Front 13

Graafian follicle increases production of ? and has increase ? receptors.

This allows it to flourish and eliminate the competition.

Back 13

Estrogen increase

FSH receptor increase (allows it to live at lower levels of FSH)

Front 14

What hormone induces ovulation?

Ovulatory Surge

Back 14

elevated estrogen levels

Front 15

During Ovulatory surge, FSH and LH activate ? and pressure at the avascular ? cause follicle degeneration.

Back 15

Collagenases

stigma

Front 16

at ovulation the oocyte is arrested at ? of meiosis II

Back 16

metaphase

Front 17

What induces muscular contraction of the ovarian wall?

Back 17

FSH

LH

Front 18

term used for the cumulus oophorus after ovulation

Back 18

corona radiata

Front 19

Ovulation can be recognized clinically by an ? and ? at about 14 days.

Back 19

increase in basal temperature

middle pain (mittelschmerz)

Front 20

term used to describe the transformation of the follicular granulosa cells and theca interna cells in response to elevated LH levels

Back 20

corpus luteum

Front 21

In the corpus luteum...

? secretion is greater than ? secretion

Back 21

Progesterone GREATER

estrogen less

Front 22

REMEMBER

ESTROGEN => proliferation

PROGESTERONE => stabilization/maturation

Back 22

REMEMBER

ESTROGEN => proliferation

PROGESTERONE => stabilization/maturation

Front 23

When fertilization fails, the corpus luteum becomes scar tissue called ?

Back 23

Corpus albicans

Front 24

What hormone drops abruptly and causes tissue degenerates causing menstruation?

Back 24

Progesterone

Front 25

a zygote will produce ? that acts as gestational LH and maintains the corpus luteum.

Back 25

Chorionic gonadotropin

(BhCG)

Front 26

? and ? are required for maintenance of the endometrium-- if withdrawn prior to the 4th month => ABORTION

Back 26

Estrogen

Progesterone

Front 27

Anovulation imbalance of ?

=> failure to ovulate

Back 27

Gonadotropins (FSH/LH)

Front 28

Patient exhibits irregular uterine bleeding. What is the most likely cause?

(endometrial instability)

Back 28

imbalance of Estrogen/Progesterone

Front 29

Over production of what hormone that is unopposed by progesterone associated with cancer of the female reproductive organs.

Back 29

Estrogen

Front 30

RU486 (birth control) works by ?

ABORTOFACTANT

Back 30

blocks progesterone

causes menstruation

Front 31

Fimbriae of the oviduct approximate the ?

Back 31

stigma

Front 32

What is capacitation?

Back 32

spermatozoa shed the glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins to unveil the acrosomal region

Front 33

? cells stimulate the fusion of the acrosomal membrane with the plasma membrane and perforation are formed allowing release of the acrosomal enzymes.

Back 33

Corona Radiata cells

Front 34

What happens during PHASE I

Back 34

penetration of the Corona Radiata

collective enzymatic effort to break down barrier

Front 35

What happens during Phase II

Back 35

Penetration of Zona Pellucida

zona pellucida facilitates receptor mediated attachment of the sperm and local release of acrosomal enzymes

Front 36

What happens during Phase III?

Back 36

Entrance

penetration of the zona pellucida, sperm and oocyte membranes fuse propelling the head, middle piece and tail into the oocyte

Front 37

Compaction of the ? makes the oocyte impermeable to other competing sperm.

Back 37

Zona Pellucida

Front 38

When does completion of meiosis II occur for oocytes?

Back 38

when the sperm enters the oocyte membrane

phase III

Front 39

What happens after completion of meiosis II of an oocyte?

Back 39

second polar body

female pronucleus

Front 40

Metabolic activation of the oocyte is probably in response to a factor carried by the ?

Back 40

spermatozoan

Front 41

When does the male pronucleus form?

Back 41

when the sperm enters the oocyte

Front 42

True or False

A zygote is one cell after sperm and oocyte join.

Back 42

FALSE

zygote is TWO CELLED

(after first mitotic cell division)

Front 43

When has genetic sex determination occurred?

Back 43

Fertilization

Front 44

What are the daughter cells of a zygote called?

Back 44

Blastomeres

Front 45

REMEMBER

When a zygote is undergoing mitosis, it is subdividing CYTOPLASM/proteins.

Back 45

REMEMBER

When a zygote is undergoing mitosis, it is subdividing CYTOPLASM/proteins.

Front 46

3 days after fertilization the zygote has undergone 3-4 cell division and forms a mulberry appearing mass known as the ?

Back 46

Morula

Front 47

Describe morula structure.

Back 47

inner cell mass --> embryo

outer cell mass --> trophoblasts (placenta)

Front 48

Trophoblasts will ultimately become the ?

Back 48

placenta

Front 49

Cells of the morula move fluid inward which collects centrally producing a cavity and is called a ?

Back 49

blastocyst

Front 50

A fertilized oocyte will exhibit polarity in what stage?

Back 50

Blastocysts

Front 51

In a blastocyst, the central cavity moves the ? to one side creating ?

Back 51

Embryoblast (inner cell mass)

polarity (embryoblast pole)

Front 52

When does the zona pellucida degenerate?

Back 52

Blastocyst

Front 53

? overlying the embryoblast pole attach to the endometrium and begin to invade.

Back 53

Trophoblast