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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the five prominences of the embryo that make the adult face?
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Maxillary (2), Mandibular (2), Frontonasal
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What embryonic tissue develops into the five facial prominences of the embryo?
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Neural-crest derived mesenchyme
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What creates the nasal pits?
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Invagination of the nasal placodes
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What two cavities are separated by the embryologic buccopharyngeal membrane?
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Mouth and pharynx
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What two cavities are separated by the embryonic oronasal membrane?
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Oral and nasal
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What are the three components of the intermaxillary segment?
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1. Philtrum, 2. Upper jaw (incisors), 3. Palatal
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How is the intermaxillary segment formed?
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Merging of the two medial nasal prominences.
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How is cleft lip formed?
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Incomplete fusion of the medial prominences anterior to the incisive foramen.
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How is cleft palate formed?
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Incomplete fusion of the medial prominences posterior to the incisive foramen.
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When is the primitive choana formed?
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Upon the breakdown of the oronasal membrane.
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When is the definitive choana formed?
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Formation of secondary palate and posterior growth of the primitive choana towards the pharynx.
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What forms the paranasal sinuses?
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Outpouchings of the nasal pit
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How is the nasolacrimal duct formed?
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Ectodermal cord detaches from overlying ectoderm upon canalization and assumes its anatomical location when the lateral nasal prominence and maxillary prominence merge.
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What are ameloblasts?
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Cells that produce enamel deposited on top of dentin.
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What are odontoblasts?
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Dentin-producing cells [leaves cytoplasmic area that continues to form dentin in adult life]
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What is the dental cuticle?
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Temporary membrane that remains upon retraction of ameloblasts - this cuticle removed once tooth erupts.
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Three regions from where head mesenchyme is derived?
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Lateral/paraxial plate mesoderm, neural crest, and ectodermal placodes.
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What nerve does the 1st pharyngeal arch contain?
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Trigeminal nerve.
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What nerve does the 2nd pharyngeal arch contain?
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Facial nerve.
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What nerve does the 3rd pharnygeal arch contain?
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Glosspharyngeal nerve.
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What nerve does the 4th pharyngeal arch contain?
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Superior laryngeal branch of vagus.
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What nerve does the 5th pharyngeal arch contain?
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Vagus nerve.
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What nerve does the 6th pharyngeal arch contain?
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Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus.
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What are the muscle derivatives of the 1st pharyngeal arch?
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Mastication muscles, mylohyoid, tensor veli palatini, and tensor tympani muscle (all muscles innervated by V3 of trigeminal)
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What are the muscle derivatives of the 2nd pharyngeal arch?
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Facial expression muscles, stylohyoid, stapedius (all muscles innervated by facial nerve)
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What are the muscle derivatives of the 3rd pharyngeal arch?
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Stylopharyngeus muscle
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What are the muscle derivatives of the 4th-5th pharyngeal arches?
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Extrinsic muscles of the pharynx and levator veli palitini.
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What are the muscle derivatives of the 6th pharyngeal arch?
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Intrinsic muscles of the larynx.
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What are the skeletal derivatives of the 1st pharyngeal arch?
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Premaxilla, maxilla, zygomatic bone, malleus/incus
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What are the skeletal derivatives of the 2nd pharyngeal arch?
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Stapes, styloid process, upper portion of hyoid bone.
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What are the skeletal derivatives of the 3rd pharyngeal arch?
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Greater horn/lower portion of hyoid bone.
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What are the skeletal derivatives of the 4th-6th pharyngeal arches?
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Laryngeal cartilages.
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What embryonic tissue is the 1st through 3rd pharyngeal arches derived from?
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Neural crest.
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What embryonic tissue is the 4th-6th pharyngeal arches derived from?
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Lateral mesoderm.
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What germ layer lines the pharyngeal pouches?
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Epithelial endoderm.
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What does the first pharyngeal pouch develop into?
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Tubotympanic recess (auditory tube and middle ear)
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What does the 2nd pharyngeal pouch develop into?
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Palatine tonsil
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What does the 3rd pharyngeal pouch develop into?
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Dorsal wing: inferior parathyroid glands
Ventral wing: thymus |
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What does the 4th pharyngeal pouch develop into?
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Dorsal wing: superior parathyroid glands.
Ventral wing: Thyroid gland |
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What does the 5th pharyngeal pouch develop into?
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Trick question!!! integrates into the fourth pouch.
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What is the adult derivative of the stomodeum?
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Precursor of the mouth/anterior lobe of pituitary gland.
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Inferiorly from the head/neck....what two cavities does the buccopharyngeal membrane separate?
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Amniotic cavity and primitive gut.
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Why are cardiac abnormalities associated with facial abnormalities?
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Same embryonic origin - neural crest cells.
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What are brancial fistulas?
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Failure of 2nd pharyngeal arch to grow over arches 3-4 - thus maintaining a connection between the cervical sinus and 2nd-4th clefts [leads to lateral cervical cysts]
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Is there a link between craniofacial defects and hearing disorders?
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Craniofacial defects typically accompany weakness in the bone under the eye - since this fuses to form the ear - the external ear typically contains deformities.
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What are the three anatomical subdivisions of the ear?
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External, middle, and internal
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What is the origin of the otocyst?
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Thickening of surface ectoderm that rapidly invaginate to form the otocysts.
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What forms the membranous labyrinth?
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Cochlear duct, otolith organ, semicircular canals, and endolymphatic duct and sac.
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How do the scala vestibuli and scala tympani form?
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Via vacuolization of the cartilaginous shell formed by the cochlear duct/surrounding mesenchyme
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What is the origin of the statoacoustic ganglion?
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Small group of cells from the wall of otic pit during formation of otic vesicle.
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Which aortic arch is associated with the development of the middle ear?
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Stapedial aa. (from 2nd aortic arch)
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What are the two germ layers that mark the origin of the tympanic membrane?
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Ectodermal lining of auditory meatus and endodermal lining of tympanic membrane.
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Which arches form the external ear?
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1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches.
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How is the optic cup formed?
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Invagination of the optic vesicle.
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What are the two components of the retina?
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Pars optica retina ("seeing") and pars optica ceca ("blind")
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What are the layers of the pars optica retina?
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Ganglion cell layer, inner/outer nucelus, and rods/cones
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What are the layers of the pars optica ceca?
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Pars iradica retinae (iris) and pars ciliaris retinae (ciliary body)
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What is the origin of the pupil?
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Mouth of the optic cup.
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What is the origin of the iris?
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Optic cup (internal layer = unpigmented, external layer = pigemented)
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What is the origin of the pupillary muscles (control lens shape)
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Vascularized connective tissue between inner and outer layer of optic cup.
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What is the origin of the sphincter/dilator pupillae muscles?
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Loose mesenchyme between surface epithelium and optic cup.
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What is the origin of the optic nerve?
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choroids fissure.
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What are the two coverings of the eye?
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Inner layer = choroid [continuous with pia]
Outer layer = sclera [continuous with dura] |
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What is the adult derivative of the hyaloid a.?
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Central artery of the retina
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What is a coloboma?
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choroid fissure does not close - thus creates a hole in one of the structures of the eye, such as the lens, eyelid, iris, retina, choroid or optic disc
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What is aniridia?
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no irises.
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What is the WAGR syndrome?
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Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary problems, and retardation (hence, WAGR)
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When do the eyelids open?
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Fuse during week 8 - Open at 5-7 months
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What is the embryonic space opened in a detached retina?
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Intra-retinal space
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The phrenic n. passes anterior to the ______ muscle.
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Anterior scalene muscle
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The phrenic nerve is pinned down against the anterior scalene m. by what two arteries?
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Transverse cervical and suprascapular arteries.
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The brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass between what two muscles?
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Anterior and middle scalene muscles.
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What is the relationship of the subclavian vein to the anterior scalene m.?
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Passes anteriorly to the muscle.
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Which nerve emerging from the nerve point of the neck is the only one that does not pierce the investing deep cervical fascia?
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Spinal accessory n.
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What is the relationship of CN X to the internal jugular vein and common carotid artery?
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Posterior and in between the two vessels.
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Where is the sympathetic trunk located in relation to the carotid sheath?
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Medial and posterior
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CN X goes ____ to the root of the lung while phrenic n. goes ____ to the root of the lung. Which nerve is more medial?
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Posterior; anterior; vagus is more medial
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What nerve runs with the internal jugular vein in the neck?
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Phrenic nerve.
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The internal jugular vein is located between what two muscles in the _____ triangle of the neck. EJV is located in the _____ triangle of the neck.
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SCM and Anterior scalene; carotid triangle; EJV is in the posterior triangle of the neck (for the most part)
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What two triangles are subdivisions of the posterior triangle of the neck - and what muscle divides these two?
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Occipital and subclavian - dividied by the omohyoid.
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The inferior root of the ansa cervicalis runs superficial to what vein?
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Internal jugular vein.
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The superior root of the ansa cervicalis runs superficia to what artery?
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Common carotid artery.
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The common carotid artery bifurcates at....
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Vertebral level C4, superior border of thyroid cartilage.
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CN 9 runs superficial to ____ a. and deep to ____ a. while CN 12 runs superficial to both of these arteries.
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internal carotid, external carotid a.
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Retromandibular vein is the equivalent of what artery in the neck?
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external carotid artery
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Which artery/vein/nerve is more medial supratrochlear or supraorbital?
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Supratrochlear is more medial.
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Lingual a/v run _____ to the submandibular gland.
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Deep.
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Facial artery runs ____ to the gland, facial vein runs ____ to it.
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Deep; superficial
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Transverse facial a./v. emerge from beneath the ____ gland and run parallel to and above the _____.
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Parotid gland; parotid duct
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Geniohyoid m. runs _____ to the anterior digastric and _____ to the mylohyoid m.
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deep; deep
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Lingual n. runs deep to the ____ m. and superficial to the _____ m.
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lateral pterygoid; medial pterygoid m.
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Maxillary artery runs deep to, but can also run superficial to the _____ m. However, middle meningeal a. always goes ____ to this muscle.
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lateral pterygoid muscle; deep.
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_____ n. splits as it emerges from CN V3 and ____ a. can be found passing through its two branches.
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Auriculotemporal n; middle meningeal a.
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______ n. pierces the parotid gland and divides into superficial and deep parts.
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Facial n.
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The parotid duct runs superficial to the ____ m. and pierces the ___ m.
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masster; buccinator
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Stylopharyngeus m. enters the pharynx between what two constrictor mm?
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Superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors.
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____ n. and ____ a. run together, anteroinferiorly, along nasal septum. Together they enter the ____ foramen.
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Nasopalatine n. sphenopalatine a.; incisive foramen.
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Chorda tympani goes ___ to the inferior alveolar n. to meet up with the ____ n.
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Deep; lingual n.
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What runs through the palatine canal?
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Greater/lesser palatine nn., descending palatine a.
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____ n. and ____ a. pierce the thyrohyoid membrane.
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Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal artery.
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____ n. and ____ a. run together near the thyroid and supply superior parts of the larynx.
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External branch of superior laryngeal nerve and superior thyroid artery.
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Subclavian a. lies in (greater/lesser) supraclavicular fossa.
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Greater
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Another name for the greater supraclavicular fossa is the _____ triangle
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Omoclavicular
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The lesser supraclavicular fossa is between the two heads of the _______ m.
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sternocleidomastoid m.
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_____ n. and _____ a. run together near the thyroid and supply inferior parts of the larynx.
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Recurrent laryngeal nerve (inferior laryngeal n) and inferior thyroid artery.
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What two muscles meet laterally along the side of the face at the pterygomandibular raphe?
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Buccinator and superior pharyngeal constrictor m.
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The lingual nerve passes inferiorly to the submandibular duct, but first _____ then _____ to it.
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Laterally; medially
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_____ n. runs deep to the floor of the sphenoid sinus, in the _____ canal.
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Nerve of the pterygoid canal (greater petrosal + deep petrosal) in the pterygoid canal
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Hyoglossus m. is found ____ to the mylohyoid m., CN ___, ____ duct, ____ n, and ______ v. pass between them.
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Deep; CN XII, submandibular duct, lingual n., and dorsal lingual vein.
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Veins pass both superficial and deep to the _____ m. in the oral cavity, but branches of the lingual a. only pass _____ to it.
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Hyoglossus; deep
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At the apex of the tongue, in what order from (lateral to medial) would CN XII, lingual n., and submandibular duct be found?
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submandibular duct, lingual n., CN XII
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In the orbit, _____ n. (branch of V1) runs lateral and ____ n. (branch of V1) runs medial. The third branch of V1, ____ n, is the most superior of all 3 nn.
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lacrimal; nasociliary; frontal
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The alar fascia laterally blends with the _____
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Carotid sheath
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The prevertebral fascia fuses with the ________
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Anterior longitudinal ligament
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The ______ membrane is the continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament
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Tectorial
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What is the danger space in the scalp?
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Layer of loose connective tissue (4th layer)
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What is the significance of the retropharyngeal space?
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Communicates with the superior mediastinum - thus infections can spread to the chest from the face/neck.
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What is torticollis?
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Contraction of cervical muscles causing twisting of head/slanting of neck.
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What are the two major posterior branches of the external carotid artery?
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Posterior auricular and occipital aa.
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Where does the external jugular vein drain into?
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Straight into the subclavian v. .... internal jugular vein is a separate branch off brachiocephalic root.
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List the cutaneous nerve branches of the scalp?
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Supraorbital, supratrochlear, auriculotemporal, Lesser occipital, greater occipital
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What innervates the anterior belly of the digastric m.?
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Nerve to mylohyoid (V3)
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What innervates the posterior belly of the digastric m?
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Nerve to stylohyoid (VII)
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What muscle does the submandibular gland wrap around?
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Mylohyoid m.
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List all the suprahyoid muscles...
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Geniohyoid, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric m., stylohyoid muscle
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List all the infrahyoid muscles...
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Sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid muscles
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What vertebral level is the hyoid bone located at?
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C3
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What is the function of the carotid sinus?
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Baroreceptor
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What is the function of the carotid body?
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Chemoreceptor (CO2)
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List the branches of the maxillary artery...
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Deep auricular, middle meningeal a, inferior alveolar artery, deep temporal, buccal artery, masseteric artery, branches to pterygoid muscles, sphenopalatine a., descending palatine a., infraorbital a., posterior superior alveolar a., pharyngeal a.
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What are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?
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Maxillary artery and superficial temporal
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What are the two tributaries of the internal jugular vein?
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Inferior petrosal sinus and sigmoid sinus
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What are the three auditory ossicles? Which hits the tympanic membrane first?
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Malleus, incus, stapes; Malleus
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What are fontanelles?
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Unossified membranous intervals between parietal bone and adjacent skull bones (ossify by the age of 2)
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What parts of the temporal bone are attributed to the intramembranous or endochondral bone development?
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Squamous/tympanic bone - membranous
Petrous and mastoid portion - cartilaginous |
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What transmits through the foramen spinosum?
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Middle meningeal a.
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What transmits through the foramen rotundum?
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Maxillary division of CN V
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What transmits through foramen ovale?
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Mandibular division of CN V
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What are the branches of the facial nerve upon exiting the stylmastoid foramen?
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Posterior auricular n.; temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical branches. [all motor]
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What artery does the transverse facial a. branch off of?
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Superficial temporal a.
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What drains into the external jugular vein? [in the neck[
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Posterior branch of retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein.
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What drains into the internal jugular vein? [in the neck]
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Anterior branch of retromandibular vein and facial vein.
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Name the cutaneous branches of the opthalmic division of CN V (V1)
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supratrochlear, supraorbital, lacrial, infratrochlear, and external nasal
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What are the inputs of the ciliary ganglion?
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Parsympathetic: oculomotor
Sympathetic: internal carotid plexus Sensory: nasociliary . |
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What synapses in the otic ganglion?
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Pre-synaptic parasympathetic fibers of the lesser petrosal (from the tympanic branch of CN IX...glossopharyngeal)
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What synapses in the pterygopalatine ganglion?
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Pre-synaptic parasympathetic fibers of the greater petrosal nerve (from CN VII)
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What two nerves enter the internal acoustic meatus?
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CN VII and VIII (facial and vestibulocochlear n.)
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Name the cutaneous nerves of the maxillary division of CN V
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infraorbital, zygomaticotemporal, zygomaticofacial
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Name the cutaneous nerves of the mandibular division of CN V
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buccal, mental, auriculotemporal
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How does the parotid gland receive its parasympathetic simulation?
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Via the auriculotemporal nerve - the post-synaptic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion jump onto this nerve
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How does the sublingual/submandibular glands receive their parsympathetic innervation?
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Via the nerves of the submandibular ganglion which receives parasympathetics from the chorda tympani n. (which has combined with the lingual n.)
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What is the ganglion associated with the facial nerve?
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Geniculate ganglion
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What is the ganglion associated with the trigeminal nerve?
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Semilunar ganglion
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Rupture of a cerebral vein will induce what type of hematoma?
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Subdural
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Rupture of an artery will induce what type of hematoma (i.e. of the middle meningeal artery)
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Epidural
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What structure can transfer infections from the epicranial portion to the intercranial portions?
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Emissary veins
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Where is CSF produced?
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Choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles.
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How is excess CSF removed from the brain?
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Arachnoid granulations projecting into the venous sinuses (pressure gradient pushes fluid into venous flow)
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What dural fold divides the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
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Cerebellar tentorium.
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What vessels are involved in the Circle of Willis?
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Posterior cerebral, posterior communicating artery, internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral, anterior communicating artery
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What sinuses drain into the confluence of sinuses?
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Straight, superior sagittal, occipital....tranverse sinus is the outflow
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Rupture of a cerebral artery will produce what type of hemorrhage?
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Subarachnoid
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What produces aqueous humor?
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Ciliary processes of ciliary body
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How is aqueous humor drained from the eye?
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Via the limbal plexus (network of scleral veins)
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What innervation does the sphincter pupillae receive?
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Parasympathetic (from the short ciliary nerves)
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What innervation does the dilator pupillae receive?
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Symapthetic (from the short ciliary nerves)
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In order to make the lens more round....what occurs?
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Ciliary muscle contracts...relaxes the ligaments and lens becomes more rotund
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What does the trochlear nerve innervate?
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Superior oblique m.
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What does the abducent nerve innervate?
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Lateral rectus m.
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What transmits through the optic canal?
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Optic n. and a.
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What transmits through superior orbital fissure?
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Frontal, lacrimal, nasociliary n., trochlear, abducent n., oculomotor n., ophthalmic veins
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What transmits through inferior orbital fissure?
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Infraorbital a. and n., zygomatic n., communicating v. from pterygoid plexus to inferior ophthalmic
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What are the muscles of mastication and what are they innervated by?
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Temporalis m., masseter m., lateral pterygoid m., medial pterygoid m.; mandibular division of CN V
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What is the most common displacement of the temporomandibular joint?
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Anterior displacement
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What is the only muscle that works to OPEN the jaw?
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Lateral pterygoid m.
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What does C7 lack? And what importance does this have for the vertebral artery.
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Lacks trasnverse foramen; vertebral passes through transverse foramen of C6.
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What lies directly posterior to the cruciate ligament (of the vertebra)?
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Alar ligament
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How does the vertebral artery enter the skull?
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Via the foramen magnum.
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What runs through the jugular foramen?
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CN IX, X, XI, internal jugular vein
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What three structures pass between the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor?
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CN IX, stylopharyngeus m., stylohyoid ligament
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Where does the frontal sinus drain into?
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Semilunar hiatus
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Where does the maxillary sinus drain into?
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Middle meatus
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Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain into?
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Sphenoethmoid recess
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Where does the ethmoidal sinus drain into?
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Anterior/middle ethmoidal sinus: middle meatus
Posterior ethmoidal sinus: ethmoidal bulla |
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What nerves supply sensation to the nasal region?
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V1 (anterior ethmoidal nerves), V2 (posterior inferior/superior nasal nerves, nasopalatine nerves)
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What structure divides the nasopharynx from the oropharynx?
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Soft palate.
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What structure divides the oropharynx from the laryngopharynx?
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Epiglottis.
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What layer of the pharynx contains the lymph nodules?
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Mucosa.
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What arches define the tonsillar bed?
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Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
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The palatopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus, and salpingopharyngeus all combine to form what?
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Longitudinal layer of internal muscles of the constrictor muscles
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What innervates the tensor veli palitini? The levator veli palitini?
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CN V3, CN X
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How do the lacrimal glands receive parasympathetic innervation?
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Post-synaptic parasympathetics from the communicating branch of zygomatic n. (from pterygopalatine ganglion)
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Which papillae in the tongue are sensitive to touch?
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Filiform
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Which papillae define the terminal sulcus?
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Vallate
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Which papillae are most numerous at the apex of the tongue?
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Fungiform.
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All extrinsic muscles of the tongue are innervated by the _______ nerve EXCEPT the palatoglossus muscle which is innervated by ______.
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hypoglossal; vagus nerve
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Which vein in the tongue runs with the hypoglossal nerve?
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Deep lingual vein.
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Which vein in the tongue runs with the lingual artery?
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Dorsal lingual vein.
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What ear structure connects at the oval window?
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Stapes
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What is the significance of the round window of the ear?
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Relieves the pressure induced by the sound waves traveling through the cochlea.
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Pyramidal eminence of the ear covers what muscle?
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Stapedius m.
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What is the purpose of posterior/anterior iter chordae?
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Allows the passage of the chorda tympani through the ear canal - to finally exit via the petrotympanic fissure.
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How does the tympanic branch of the CN IX enter the ear?
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Through the jugular floor
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Where should the cone of light be seen?
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Anterior inferior quadrant of the tympanic membrane.
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What area does the superior laryngeal nerve provide sensory information to?
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Above vocal folds and including vocal folds.
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What is the rima glottidis?
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Opening between the vocal folds (constantly changing as we make noise) - the vocal folds + rima glottidis = glottis
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What is the only laryngeal muscle that OPENS the vocal folds?
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Posterior cricoartyenoid muscle
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What is the space between the vocal folds and vestibular folds called?
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Ventricle
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How is the laryngeal cavity divided?
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Vestibule - laryngeal inlet to vestibular folds; ventricle; and infraglottic cavity (between vocal folds and inferior border of cricoid cartilage)
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What is the main lymphatic drainage of the tongue, pharynx, and tonsil?
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Jugulo-digastric lymph nodes.
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