Anatomy, Development And Physiology Of The Larynx

Front 1

True or False

The larynx serves to protect the lower airways, facilitates respiration, and plays a key role in phonation. In humans the protective and respiratory functions are compromised in favor of its phonatory function

Back 1

True

Front 2

True or False

The protective function is entirely reflexive and involuntary, whereas the respiratory and phonatory functions are initiated voluntarily.

Back 2

False


The respiratory and phonatory functions are initiated voluntarily but regulated involuntarily.

Front 3

True or False

Sensory nerves to the larynx are derived from the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (eSLN) and the recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs); both are branches of the vagus nerve. The RLN and eSLN innervate the mucosa above and below the level of the true vocal cord, respectively.

Back 3

False

Sensory nerves to the larynx are derived from the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (iSLN) and the recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs); both are branches of the vagus nerve. The iSLN and RLN innervate the mucosa above and below the level of the true vocal cord, respectively.

Front 4

____ inhalation stimulation in partial upper airway obstruction activates ____ on the epiglottis and causes ____ slowing and increase in ____.

Back 4

Water-aerosol
water chemoreceptors
reflex respiratory slowing
tidal volume

Front 5

The ___ innervates all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except the ___, which is innervated by the ___ division of the ___.

Back 5

RLN
cricothyroid muscle
external
SLN

Front 6

Abduction of the vocal cords during respiration is brought about by the ___ muscle, whereas their adduction involves ___ muscles, particularly the ___ and ___ muscles.

Back 6

posterior cricoarytenoid
all the intrinsic
thyroarytenoid
cricoarytenoid

Front 7

True or False

Reflexive glottic closure is achieved by simultaneous adduction of both vocal cords. Anesthesia and sedation preserve reflexive vocal cord closure and help prevent aspiration.

Back 7

False

Anesthesia and sedation impair reflexive vocal cord closure and predispose to aspiration.

Front 8

Do hypothermia, inspiratory phase, increased arterial pCO2, decreased arterial pO2, and positive intrathoracic pressure inhibit or facilitate reflexive glottal closure?

Back 8

Inhibited

Front 9

Do hyperthermia, expiratory phase, decreased pCO2, increased pO2, and negative intrathoracic pressure inhibit or facilitate reflexive glottal closure?

Back 9

Facilitated

Front 10

True or False

Laryngeal denervation leads to vocal dysfunction and aspiration during swallowing.

Back 10

True!

Front 11

___ itself can lead to centrally mediated impaired reflexes and decannulation (adductor failure and vocal cord fusion).

Back 11

Tracheostomy

Front 12

____, even if denervated, resist air flow from the lower respiratory tract and serve expectorative function. The ____ resist air flow from outside and play a protective role in respiration, thus explaining the difficulty in overcoming laryngospasm by abrupt pressure peaks from above.

Back 12

False Vocal Cords
True Vocal Cords

Front 13

True or False

By sharing a common passageway with the upper digestive system, the larynx is also compromised in its respiratory performance by resultant ventilatory turbulence and, therefore, resistance.

Back 13

True

Front 14

True or False

The anatomic configuration in adult humans that benefits phonatory purposes of the larynx simultaneously serves its sphincteric and respiratory functions

Back 14

False

..simultaneously serves to compromise its sphincteric and respiratory functions

Front 15

This functional dilemma between respiration, swallowing and voicing is resolved at the laryngopharyngeal level by two important organic modifications: ____ and ____ among the three basic laryngeal functions as determined by precisely organized ____.

Back 15

structural adaptation
delicate coordination
brainstem reflexes

Front 16

True or False

Passive closure of the false cords alone appears essential to effective cough production (expectoration)

Back 16

True

Front 17

It is generally agreed that the motor distribution to the intrinsic laryngeal musculature originates in the ____.

Back 17

medullary nucleus ambiguus

Front 18

The interarytenoid muscles receive ipsilateral/bilateral motor innervation from the ipsilateral/contralateral/both recurrent laryngeal nerve.s.

Back 18

bilateral
both

Front 19

The muscle that widens the glottic chink, as takes place in respiration, is solely the _____ extending from the ____ to the ____

Back 19

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
posterior aspect of the cricoid plate
muscular process of the arytenoid

Front 20

Posterior Cricoarytenoid
abducting the TVF

Back 20

What is the muscle and what is it doing?

Front 21

Thyroarytenoid
Helps adduct the TVF

Back 21

What is the muscle and what is it doing?

Front 22

Lateral cricoarytenoid.
Adducting the TVF

Back 22

What is the muscle and what is it doing?

Front 23

Interarytenoid
Adducting the TVF

Back 23

What is the muscle and what is it doing?

Front 24

Cricothyroid
Adducting and tensing the TVF

Back 24

What's the muscle and what's it doing?

Front 25

True or False

Each recurrent laryngeal nerve ipsilaterally innervates all muscles except the cricothyroid muscle, which receives its motor impulses from the external division of its contralateral superior laryngeal nerve.

Back 25

False

external division of its ipsilateral superior laryngeal nerve.

Front 26

True or False

The lateral cricoarytenoid, exerting a posterolateral pull on the arytenoid body rotates the vocal fold outward, effecting cord abduction on inspiration.

Back 26

False

The posterior cricoarytenoid

Front 27

Vocal fold adduction results from contraction of ____ other than the ____, major contributions arising from the action of ____ and ____ muscles

Back 27

all intrinsic musculature
posterior cricoarytenoid
thyroarytenoid
lateral cricoarytenoid

Front 28

The ____ serve to close the posterior gap of the glottis, whereas the ____ adducts and tenses the vocal cord, passively lengthening it by ____.

Back 28

interarytenoid muscles
cricothyroid muscle
30%

Front 29

True or False

When one cricothyroid muscle is denervated by sectioning the superior laryngeal nerve, the unopposed contraction of the contralateral cricothyroid muscle results in rotation of the posterior glottis toward the inactive side, with foreshortening of the cord on the side of denervation.

Back 29

True

Front 30

True or False

unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury results in the paramedian position of that cord because the unopposed action of the ipsilateral cricothyroid muscle, innervated by an intact superior laryngeal nerve, produces cord adduction on the uninjured side.

Back 30

False

produces adduction on the side of injury.

Front 31

True or False

Adductor motor components of recurrent laryngeal nerve are more resistant to injury than abductor fibers

Back 31

False!