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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name the four anatomic planes and sections and explain their direction.
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Median: midline, divides body into right and left halves
Sagittal: body into right and left parts Coronal/Frontal:body into front/back Transverse/Cross: body into upper and lower halves |
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Name the twelve systems of the body.
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Integumentary, Muscular, Nervous, Cardiovascular, Immune, Lymphatic, Skeletal/Articular, Respiratory, Reproductive, Endocrine, Digestive, Urinary
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Name the closed body cavities.
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Cranial, Vertebral, Thoracic, Abdominopelvic
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Name the open visceral cavities.
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Respiratory Tract, Digestive Tract, Urinary Tract
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What separates thoracic cavity into right and left halves?
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mediastinum
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Four types of tissue.
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Epithelium, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
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Name the four types of simple epithelium and where it's located.
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Squamous: line heart and blood vessels, air cells, body cavities
Cuboidal: glands, tubules of kidney, terminal bronchioles of lungs, ducts of reproductive tracts Columnar: gastrointestinal tract- absorption/secretion Pseudostratified Columnar: line reproductive and respiratory tracts |
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Name the two stratified epithelium and location.
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Stratified squamous: skin (keratinized), oral cavity, pharynx, vocal folds, esophagus, vagina, anus
Transitional: bladder |
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Name the two glandular epithelium and location.
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Exocrine: sweat, sebaceous, pancreatic, mammary glands
Endocrine: endocrine glands (thyroid) |
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Name the four types of fibrous connective tissues and location.
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Loose, areolar c.t. : found deep to epithelial tissues of mucous and serous membranes of hollow organs
Adipose c.t.: superficial fasciae-breast, buttock, anterior ab. wall, arm, thigh, yellow marow, surface of serous membranes Dense regular c.t.: ligmanets and tendons Dense Irregular c.t.: joints, envelop muscle tissue, dermis of the skin, encapsulate certain visceral organs |
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Name the three types of cartilage and location.
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Fibrocartilage: intervertebral disc
Elastic Carilage: ear, epiglottis Hyaline Cartilage: cevering at bone ends |
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Bone sheath.
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Periosteum
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A chondrocyte is surrounded by a?
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Lacuna
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Name the phases of cell division.
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Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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What lines each closed body cavity?
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Cranial: Dura Mater
Vertebral: Dura Mater Thoracic: Pleura Abdominopelvic: Peritoneum |
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How many nuclei do each of the three types of muscle have?
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skeletal- multinucleated
cardiac- one or two centrally located smooth- multinucleated, centrally located |
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What are the three types of mucle covered by?
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sacrolemma- skeletal,cardiac
plasmalemma- smooth |
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Describe the makeup of a sacromere.
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M-line: midline through myosin
Z-line: ends of sacromere A band: all mysoin H band: myosin, no actin I band: all actin |
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What cells are used to create myelin in PNS and CNS?
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PNS: schwann cells
CNS: oligodendrocytes |
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What are microglia?
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small scavenger cells of the brain and spinal cord
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The outer layer of somatic structure is?
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skin- epithelial tissue, specifically stratifies squamous epithelial tissue
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Deeper layers of skin, such as bone, ligament, superficial and deep fascia are what type of tissue?
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connective tissue.
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What type of tissue lines the lumen of visceral structures?
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the mucosal lining is epithelial tissue
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What type of muscle is within visceral structure- how many layers?
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smooth muscle, one or two layers
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Thick filament of muscle?
Thin filament of muscle? |
myosin
actin |
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Name the five layers of the epidermis, starting from the outside.
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Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale |
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Which layer of the epidermis is sometimes absent, and where is it present?
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Stratum lucidum- present in glaborous (hair-deficient) thick skin
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How do the layers of epithelia receive their nutrition?
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by diffusion
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What is the deepest layer of the epidermis made up of?
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a single layer of mitotic keratinocytes that are columnar or cuboidal epithelia
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A nail is which layer of the epidermis? A nail bed?
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nail- stratum corneum
nail bed- stratum basale and spinosum |
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The dermis and epidermis are separated by?
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a basement membrane called the epidermal-dermal junction
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What are the layers of the dermis and what are they characterized by?
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papillary layer: characterized by a vascular, loose connective tissue
reticular layer: dense fibrous character |
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What is a hair shaft composed of?
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layers of keratin surrounded by layers of follicular cells
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What muscle pulls the hair perpendicular to the skin? What kind of muscle is it?
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arrector pili muscle- smooth muscle
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What two glands are located within the dermis?
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sebaceous glands and sweat glands
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What covers the ends of bones?
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articular (hyaline) cartilage
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What are the ends of bones called? The shaft?
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ends: epiphysis
shaft: diaphysis |
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What type of bone makes up the ends of long bones, the shaft?
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end: cancellous (spongy)
shaft: compact |
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What is the cavity of the diaphysis called?
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medullary cavity
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What kind of marrow is involved in hematopoiesis?
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Red
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The axial skeleton is composed of? appendicular?
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axial: skull, vertebrae, ribs, hyoid bone
appendicular: pectoral and pelvic girdles, bones of arms, legs, hands, feet |
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What's another name for joints?
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articulations
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Classification of joints:
immovable: ? partly movable: ? freely movable: ? |
synarthroses
amphiarthroses diarthroses |
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What are the six types of synovial joints and an example?
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ball and socket: shoulder
hinge: elbow (humeroulnar) saddle (sellar): base of the thumb ellipsoidal:wrist (radiocarpal) pivot: C1 verebra gliding:inecarpal and intetarsal joints |
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Give an example of a fibrous joint? cartilaginous joint?
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fibrous: sutures of the skull
carilaginous: intervertebral disc (partially movable) |
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Name the cranial bones
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Occipital, Temporal, Parietal, Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid
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Name the facial bones.
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2 Nasal, Vomer, 2 Lacrimal, 2 Zygomatic, 2 Palatine, 2 Maxilla, Mandible, 2 Inferior Nasal Concha
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Name the three sutures seen from the superior view of the skull.
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Coronal, sagittal, lambdoidal
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The place where the spinal cord passes through.
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Foramen magnum, or the great foramen
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TMJ stands for? and is what type of joint?
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temporomandibular joint - synovial joint
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What divides the TMJ into superior and inferior joint spaces? It's made of?
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Articular disc- fibrocartilaginous
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Name the regions of the vertebral column and the number of vertebrae in each.
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Cervical- 7
Thoracic- 12 Lumbar- 5 Sacral- 1-5 (fused) Coccygeal |
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Thoracic spine disorder?
Lumbar spine disorder? |
kyphosis
lordosis |
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C1 is also known as the ? allows for what type of movement? C2 is also known as? allows for what type of movement?
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C1: atlas- no movement
C2: axis- yes movement |
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The vertebral artery passes through what in the cervical spine?
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transverse foramen
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Ribs form what kind of joint with the vertebrae? Which parts of the vertebrae are involved?
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synovial joint, two demifacets on the bodies of adjacent vertebrae and a single facet on the transverse process of the lower vertebra
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The three natural curves of the spine are called?
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cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis
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What are the five ligaments that help hold the vertebrae in place?
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anterior longitudinal lig., posterior longitudinal lig., ligamentum flavum, interspinous lig., supraspinous lig.
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At L1 the spinal cord terminates and the ? begins?
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cauda equina (bundle of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots)
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The sacrum consists of how many fused vertebrae?
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five
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The sacral canal contains what?
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the terminal sac of the dura mater to S2, and the sacral nerve roots
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What does the coccyx consist of?
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2-4 tiny individual or partly fused vertebrae
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What are the three parts of the sternum, and what are the joints in between?
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manubrium- sternomanubrial joint- body- xiphisternal joint- xyphoid process
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What is the sternum made of?
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cancellous bone containing red marrow
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What type of joints do the ribs make with the sternum? with the thoracic vertebrae?
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both are synovial except the first (sternocostal joints andcostovertebral joints)
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Which ribs join only to one vertebrae?
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1, 10, 11, 12
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Which ribs are true? which false? which floating?
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1-7, 8-10, 11-12
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The costochondral joint joins what two things?
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costal cartilage, ribs
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What is the only bony connection of the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton? What type of joint?
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Sternoclavicular joint- saddle type; synovial with articular disc
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What is the joint between the clavicle and scapula? What type of joint is it?
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acromioclavicular joint- AC joint- gliding type synovial with articular disc
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What is the joint between the humerus and scapula? What type of joint is it?
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glenohumeral joint- ball and socket
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What is the spot in which the head of the humerus sits in the scapula?
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glenoid fossa
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What deepens the shallow glenoid fossa?
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glenoid labrum
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The ulna is characterized by a large proximal bone mass called the ?
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olecranon
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What two parts of the humerus and ulna articulate at the humeroulnar joint? What type of joint is it?
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trochlear notch of the ulna, and the trochlea of the humerus- synovial joint; hinge
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The radius and ulna form what joint at the radial notch? Type of joint?
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proximal raioulnar joint, synovial; pivot
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The radius and ulna form what joint at the wrist? Type of joint?
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disal radioulnar joint, synovial; pivot
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The shaft of the ulna forms a movable, fibrous joint ( ? ) with the shaft of the radius by means of what?
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syndesmosis, interosseous membrane
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What parts of the humerus and radius articulate in the radiohumeral joint? What type of joint?
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capitulum of the humerus, radial head- synovial joint; pivot
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Where is a common place for fractures in the radius? What's it called?
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at the waist between the shaft and the flared distal extremity
Colles fracture, smith fracture |
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Movements of the elbow joint are?
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flexion and extension
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