Anatomy Col3 23 Part 3

Front 1

Function of basal anglion in motor activity:

Back 1

Getting proper initation of momvent

Front 2

Axon of the upper motor neuron passes through:

Back 2

corona radiata [telencephalon]
posterior limb and genu of internal capsule [telencephalon]
cerebral crus [midbrain]
longitudinal fascicles [pons]
pyramid [medulla]

Front 3

Crossed fibers make :

Back 3

lateral funiculus

Front 4

Lateral corticospinal pathway controls:

Back 4

predominantely distal limb muscle

Front 5

motor nuclei receiving projection from both hemispheres – name + function:

Back 5

-Superior part of facial nucleus (to orbicularis oculi muscle [blinking])
-Ambiguus nucleus (IX, X, XI) (to palate, pharynx and larynx [swallowing, repiration])
-Motor trigeminal n. (to mastication muscles [mastication])

Front 6

Injury to upper motor neuron:

Back 6

-muscle weakness or paresis
-muscle spasticity
-hyperactive muscle stretch reflex
-alteration of cutaneous reflex
–lack of plantar reflex and Babinski sign

Front 7

Injury to lower motor neuron:

Back 7

-muscle weakness
-decrease of muscle tone,
-absence of stretch reflex
-muscles atrophy

Front 8

Basal nuclei consist of:

Back 8

Striatum, Pallidum,s ubthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

Front 9

Striatum =

Back 9

caudate nucleus

Front 10

lentiform nucleus =.

Back 10

Putamen, Globus pallidus

Front 11

Neuronal loop of basal ganglia:

Back 11

Cortex – Putamen(striatum)- Lateral globus pallidus(Pallidum) – thalamus (VA, VL) – cortec

Front 12

Neuronal loop of oculomotor:

Back 12

Cortex -> caudate body -> SNr + GPi -> VA MD thalamus -> FEF(cortex)

Front 13

Basal nuclei work through which strucutres:

Back 13

thalamic nuclei (VA) + cerebral cortex (BA 6)

Front 14

Neuronal loop of limbic:

Back 14

Cortex -> ventral striatum -> ventral pallidum -> thalamus MD -> prefrontal (cortex)

Front 15

Dorsal striatum (striatum) receives what from where?:

Back 15

efferents from neocortex,

Front 16

ventral striatum (accumbens nucleus) from where?

Back 16

from limbic lobe

Front 17

Limbic loop is strongly associated With:

Back 17

emotional and motivational aspect of behaviour

Front 18

Striatum consist of:

Back 18

matrix, striosomes

Front 19

In limbic loop – which part is under the influence of DA + source:

Back 19

Ventral striatum from VTA

Front 20

Striatum matrix –connections:

Back 20

-from the entire cortex -from the thalamus

Front 21

Striatum striosoms –connections:

Back 21

-from prefrontal (limbic) cortex

Front 22

GABA/Enk – from where to where?

Back 22

Striatum to external globus pallidus

Front 23

GABA/P – from where to where?

Back 23

Striatum to internal globus pallidus

Front 24

Direct pathway acts to:

Back 24

facilitate desired voluntary movement,

Front 25

non-direct pathway acts to:

Back 25

inhibit unwanted competing movements.

Front 26

dopaminergic neurons location:

Back 26

either substantia nigra (compact part -SNc) or ventral tegmental area (VTA)

Front 27

Except GABA the Basal motor loop is influenced by:

Back 27

cholinergic neurons of striatum

Front 28

Injury to basal ganglia loops:

Back 28

- increased or decreased muscle tone (hyper-i hypotonia)
-dyskinesia (hyper-or hypokinesia)
-characteristic resting tremor
-for limbic loop -correlation with schizophrenia, addictive behaviours

Front 29

Among the brainstem centers controlling motor activity there are:

Back 29

-Red nucleus
-Vestibular nuclei
-Tectum
-Reticular formation

Front 30

Brainstem centers send projection upon the spinal cord :

Back 30

-rubrospinal
-vestibulospinal
-reticulospina
l –tectospinal

Front 31

Brainstem centers send projection descend mainly in:

Back 31

anterior funiculus

Front 32

Brainstem descending tracts -voluntary movements:

Back 32

-anterior and lateral corticospinal

Front 33

Brainstem descending tracts -somato-visuo-acousticcoordination:

Back 33

tectospinal

Front 34

Cerebellum – pathway to motor neurons:

Back 34

Cerebellar cortex-> Deep cerebellar nucleus -> Brainstem or Cortex (via VL thalamus) -> Motor neuron

Front 35

Functional division of the cerebellar cortex –based on connection’s pattern:

Back 35

-flocculonodular lobe vermis and paravermal zone
-lateral part of hemisphere

Front 36

Cerebellar nuclei:

Back 36

fastigial interposed (globose and emboliform) dentate

Front 37

Injury to cerebellum:

Back 37

- motor ataxia: difficulty maintaining posture or balance
+intention tremor
+ dysmetria (inability to stop movement in proper place)

Front 38

comprising 40-50% of brain mass – what:

Back 38

Cerebral cortex

Front 39

Limbic is in which cortex?

Back 39

Archicortex

Front 40

“olfactory system” is in which cortex:

Back 40

Paleocortex

Front 41

Hippocampus + Dentate gyrus – which cortex:

Back 41

Archicortex

Front 42

Neocortex layers:

Back 42

Molecular
II. external granular
III. external pyramidal
IV. internal granular
V. internal pyramidal
VI. Multiform

Front 43

Cellular composition of Neocortex:

Back 43

Two chief neuronal types:
Pyramidal and stellate +
horizontal (I) and Martinotti cells (VI)

Front 44

outer and inner Baillarger’s bands are found where?

Back 44

Neocortex

Front 45

name/type of afferent “bundles” from thalamus to cortex?

Back 45

Corticopetal

Front 46

corticofungal are what + go where?

Back 46

Efferent “signals” from cortex to: Striatum,brainstem or spinal cord

Front 47

cortex - Presence and width of granular layer underlines the division into:

Back 47

Agranular Eugranular Hypergranular

Front 48

Heterotypical cortex include what:

Back 48

motor/sensory areas

Front 49

Homotypical cortex include what:

Back 49

association areas

Front 50

First-order motor cortex – location + ba:

Back 50

precentral gyrus and anterior portion of paracentral lobule -BA 4:

Front 51

supplementary motor area – location + ba:

Back 51

medial surface of superior frontal gyrus -BA 6

Front 52

Premotor cortex – location + ba:

Back 52

posterior portions of superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri -BA 6

Front 53

Frontal eye field (FEF) –location + ba:

Back 53

mid-part of middle frontal gyrus -BA 8

Front 54

Primary somatosensory cortex –location + ba:

Back 54

postcentral gyrus and posterior portion of paracentral lobule -BA 3, 1, 2

Front 55

First-order somatosensory cortex get into from where?

Back 55

-general sensation from the contralateral half of the body

Front 56

Gustatory area ba?

Back 56

BA 43

Front 57

visuomotor coordination – do where?

Back 57

Sensory association area

Front 58

Sensory association area location + ba:

Back 58

superior and inferior parietal lobule -BA 5,7,39,40

Front 59

stereognosis is what?

Back 59

ability to recognize objects held in hand

Front 60

stereognosis – which area makes it possible?

Back 60

Sensory association area

Front 61

Visual association cortex – location + ba:

Back 61

BA 18, 19, visual areas in temporal and parietal cortex

Front 62

Visual association cortex-receives stimuli from which BA?

Back 62

BA 17

Front 63

reflexive movement of the eye – do where?

Back 63

Visual association cortex

Front 64

First-order visual cortex ba?

Back 64

BA 17

Front 65

First-order auditory cortex – location + ba:

Back 65

transverse temporal [Heschl’s] gyri -BA 41,42):

Front 66

Second order auditory areas location + ba?

Back 66

BA 22 posterior part of superior temporal gyrus

Front 67

Second order auditory areas do what:

Back 67

Interpretation of sounds (differentiation into speech and non-speech)
+ integration of auditory input with other sensory information

Front 68

Temporal association cortex do what:

Back 68

recognitionand identification of highlyprocessed + sensory informations (face recognition) –fusiform gyrus

Front 69

Temporo-parieto-occipital cortex function:

Back 69

-integration of information from unimodal association cortices

Front 70

Prefrontal cortex ba:

Back 70

BA 9, 10, 11, 12

Front 71

Prefrontal cortex location:

Back 71

frontal pole,
most part of superior,
middle and inferior frontal gyri, orbital gyri

Front 72

Agnosia?

Back 72

failure to recognize and understand the previously known symbolic significance of sensory stimuli despite the intactness of sensory pathways and the absence of mental disorders and dementia

Front 73

this specialization is more highly conserved than left hemisphere dominance for language?

Back 73

SPATIAL ATTENTION

Front 74

Apraxia ?

Back 74

–inability to execute learned voluntary function without any detectable motor or sensory deficits

Front 75

Prefrontal cortex divided into:

Back 75

orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Front 76

Heard speech -chief comprehension area – name + ba?

Back 76

–BA 22 -Wernicke’s area

Front 77

Spoken language -chief production area – name + ba:

Back 77

BA 44,45-Broca’s area

Front 78

Language areas are bidirectionally connected by:

Back 78

arcuate fasciculus

Front 79

Aphasia?

Back 79

–diminished or abolished ability to comprehend and/or produce language

Front 80

Area outside of BBB in rhomboid fossa?

Back 80

area postrema

Front 81

Area in rhomboid fossa that makes NA:

Back 81

locus coeruleus

Front 82

Brainstem general division:

Back 82

-ventral part
-tegmentum
-tectum (for midbrain only)

Front 83

Ambiguous nucl. Is for which CN?

Back 83

CN IX, CN X, CN XI

Front 84

Solitary N. is for which CN?

Back 84

CN VII, IX, X

Front 85

Supplementary motor structures of the brainstem:

Back 85

substantia nigra (basal nuclei),
inferior olivary nucleus,
red nucleus (cerebellum)

Front 86

dorsal longitudinal fascicle – descending or ascending – do what?

Back 86

descending – connecting autonomic system centers of: hypothalamus brainstem spinal cord

Front 87

Main ascending pathways - From spinal cord to cerebrum:

Back 87

spinal lemniscus medial lemniscus

Front 88

Main ascending pathways - From cranial nerve nuclei to cerebrum:

Back 88

lateral lemniscus - trigeminal lemniscus

Front 89

Medial longitudinal fascicle function:

Back 89

coordinating eye, head and neck Movements

Front 90

reticular formation extends inferior to:

Back 90

to intermediate gray mater of the spinal cord

Front 91

reticular formation extends superior to:

Back 91

to intralaminar and midline nuclei of the thalamus

Front 92

reticular formation – parts + nuclei:

Back 92

median part –raphes nuclei
medial part –gigantocellular nuclei
lateral part –parvocellular nuclei

Front 93

Reticular formation lateral part function:

Back 93

Internal environment:
circulatory system,
alimentary system,
respiratory system
genital systems

Front 94

reticular formation medial part function:

Back 94

motor functions control,
sleep and wakefulness regulation.
state of consciousness,
pain modulation,
cortical excitability (ARAS)

Front 95

reticular formation medial part (midbrain) gets input from:

Back 95

Spinal cord(spinoreticular) +brainstem

Front 96

which structures come from Epithalamus:

Back 96

habenula, medullary stria, pinealbody

Front 97

which structures come from Ventral thalamus:

Back 97

Reticularnucleus subthalamicnucleus globus pallidus

Front 98

Thalamic functional subdivision into nuclei of – name + function:

Back 98

unimodal cortical projection
(motor, somatosensory, visual, auditory, limbic)
-polymodal cortical projection
(association cortex)
-other projections
(including non-cortical)

Front 99

Thalamic syndrome:

Back 99

-sensory disturbance
-movment disorders
-severe pain

Front 100

Hypothalamus Chief roles:

Back 100

1. Control of regulatory processes for maintaining body internal environment within narrow physiological range (homeostasis)
2. Executive center for limbic system (expressing emotions)
3. Control of instinctive (e.g. sexual) behaviour
4. Control of circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle

Front 101

Hypothalamus Humoral output – direct and indirect system + target:

Back 101

magnocellular system (direct)-> posterior lobe of hypophysis.

parvicellular system (non-direct) -> portal system of median eminence

Front 102

Encephalon is made up by:

Back 102

cerebrum + brainstem

Front 103

Cerebrum is made up by:

Back 103

telencephalon
(Cerebral hemispheres, Telencephalon impair)
Diencephalon

Front 104

Function of cerebellum in motor activity:,

Back 104

Sensory motor coordination

Front 105

Submental triangle is bounded by:.

Back 105

the right and left anterior bellies of the digastric muscles

Front 106

Submandibular triangle is bounded by:

Back 106

inferior border of the mandible and the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric muscle.

Front 107

Carotid triangle is bounded by:

Back 107

the superior belly of the omohyoid,
the posterior belly of the digastric,
and the anterior border of the SCM

Front 108

Sternocleidomastoid region content(more then SCM):

Back 108

superior part of the external jugular vein;
greater auricular nerve;
transverse cervical nerve

Front 109

Occipital Triangle content:Part of external jugular vein

Back 109

spinal accessory nerve; trunks of brachial plexus

Front 110

Omoclavicular triangle content:

Back 110

Subclavian artery (third part);
part of subclavian vein (sometimes);
suprascapular artery; supraclavicular lymph nodes

Front 111

Carotid triangle content:

Back 111

Common carotid artery and its branches;'
internal jugular vein and its tributaries;
vagus nerve;
external carotid artery and some of its branches;
hypoglossal nerve and superior root of ansa cervicalis;
spinal accessory nerve; thyroid gland, larynx; pharynx; deep cervical lymph nodes; branches of cervical plexus

Front 112

Muscular triangle content:

Back 112

Sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles; thyroid and parathyroid glands

Front 113

facial nerve go via which foramens + which spaces:

Back 113

->Internal acusticus meatus ->Facial canal ->Stylomastoid foramen -> retromandibular fossa

Front 114

Which muscle stretches vocal ligament?

Back 114

Cricothyroid

Front 115

Which muscle relaxes vocal ligament?

Back 115

Thyroarytenoid

Front 116

Which muscles is used for phonation?

Back 116

Transverse arytenoid

Front 117

Which muscles is used for whispering?

Back 117

Lateral cricoArytenoid

Front 118

Oculomotor Superior branch do what?

Back 118

It supplies the Superior rectus and Levator palpebrae superioris.

Front 119

Oculomotor inferior branch do what?

Back 119

medial rectus,the inferior rectus. + parasymp till ciliary ganglion

Front 120

Superior Oblique (SO) movments:

Back 120

, Abducts,depresses, and rotates eyeball medially (intorsion)

Front 121

Inferior Oblique (IO) movments:

Back 121

Abducts,elevates, and rotates eyeball laterally (extorsion)

Front 122

Convergent strabismus can be due to:

Back 122

,Injury to abducens nerve -> paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle

Front 123

Levator Palpebrae superioris movments:

Back 123

Elevates Superior eyelid

Front 124

Superior rectus (SR) movments:

Back 124

Elevates,adducts, and rotates eyeball medially (intorsion)

Front 125

Inferior rectus (IR) movments:

Back 125

Depresses,adducts, and rotates eyeball laterally (extorsion)

Front 126

Pharyngeal plexus innvervates muscles of the pharynx and soft palate except::

Back 126

the stylopharyngeus (supplied by CN IX) and the tensor veli palatini (supplied by CN V 3)

Front 127

The lateral cervical Region content – vessels:

Back 127

-external jugular vein,
-transverse cervical and suprascapular vessels,
'-subclavian vein (occasionally) and artery,

Front 128

Prevertebral space content:

Back 128

It includes the prevertebral muscles (longus colli and longus capitis), vertebral artery, vertebral vein, scalene muscles, phrenic nerve and part of the brachial plexus.

Front 129

Parapharyngeal space content nerves:

Back 129

, -CN IX, CN X, CN XI, CN XII

Front 130

Otic ganglion gets Sympathetic Fibers from:

Back 130

Plexus on middle meningeal artery

Front 131

thyrohyoid muscle innervated by?

Back 131

is innervated by C1 via the hypoglossal nerve.

Front 132

Parapharyngeal space content vessels:

Back 132

-internal carotid a.
-internal jugular v.

Front 133

Lateral cricoarytenoid function:

Back 133

Adducts vocal folds (interligamentous portion)

Front 134

Which muscles of the Larynx are the Tensor and relexor + function:

Back 134

Tensor: cricothyroid
Relaxer: thyro-arytenoid
- To adjust the pitch: change of dimensions (length, thickness) change of tension

Front 135

tensor veli palatine is supplied by:

Back 135

Nerve to medial pterygoid (CN V3 via otic ganglion)

Front 136

Posterior cricoarytenoid function:

Back 136

Abducts vocal folds

Front 137

Which structures go through gap between cranial base and superior pharyngeal constrictor:

Back 137

pharyngotympanic tube -levator veli palatini m.

Front 138

Which structures go through gap between superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors:

Back 138

stylopharyngeus m. -CN IX -stylohyoid lig

Front 139

The nerve supply of the posteroinferior half of the nasal mucosa is chiefly

Back 139

from CN V2 ->nasopalatine nerve

Front 140

the anterosuperior part of the nasal mucosa (both the septum and lateral wall) is innervated by:

Back 140

, the anterior ethmoidal nerves, branches of CN V1

Front 141

The ethmoidal sinuses are innervated by:

Back 141

the anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the nasociliary nerves (CN V1).

Front 142

Tympanic membrane landmarks:

Back 142

anterior and posterior malleolar folds -malleolar prominence (<-lateral process) -malleolar stria (<-manubrium) -umbo of tympanic membrane

Front 143

Tympanic cavity walls: medial::

Back 143

labyrinthine wall
-separates form inner ear made by: -promontory (<-basal turn of cochlea)
-oval window (<-footplate of stapes and anular lig. of stapes)
-round window (<-secondary tympanic membrane)
-prominence of facial canal

Front 144

Tympanic cavity walls: anterior:

Back 144

carotid wall (separates from carotid canal) =Has opening for: -tympanic opening of pharyngotympanic tube -semicanal for tensor tympani m.

Front 145

Tympanic cavity walls: inferior: Floor

Back 145

jugular wall

Front 146

Tympanic cavity walls: superior: Roof

Back 146

, tegmental wall - formed by tegmen tympani)

Front 147

tensor tympani muscle nerve:

Back 147

CN. V3

Front 148

stapedius muscle nerve:

Back 148

CN VII

Front 149

Tympanic cavity walls: posterior:

Back 149

mastoid wall =Opening for: aditus to mastoid antrum and a pyramidal eminence (<.stapedius m.)

Front 150

Lateral wall of orbit:

Back 150

Zygomatic and greater wing of sphenoid

Front 151

infratemporal fossa Content:

Back 151

.-Lateral and medial pterygoid muscles .
-Maxillary artery. -otic ganglion

Front 152

Pterygopalatine fossa content:

Back 152

maxillary a.maxillary n. pterygopalatine ganglion

Front 153

infratemporal fossa communicates with:

Back 153

-Superolaterally : Temporal fossa via gap bounded by zygomatic arch
-Anteriorly -: Orbit via inferior orbital fissure -
Medially : pterygopalatine fossa via pterygomaxillary fissure
Superiorly: Middle cranial fossa via foramen ovale and foramen spinosum
-Posterior: parapharyngeal space and Retromandibular fossa

Front 154

Cavernous sinus - drain through:

Back 154

superior and inferior petrosal sinuses - emissary vein to the pterygoid plexuses

Front 155

From cochlear nuclei axons project to(2):

Back 155

Ipso/contralateral superior olivary nuclei Or nucleus of lateral lemniscus

Front 156

Anterior and posterior cochlear nucleus receives input from:

Back 156

the cochlear nerve (CN VIII).

Front 157

Medial geniculate body receives input from + via?

Back 157

Via brachium of inferior colliculus the nucleus of the inferior colliculus.

Front 158

Medial geniculate body projects via + where:

Back 158

, via the auditory radiation to the primary auditory cortex, the transverse gyri of Heschl

Front 159

Superior olivary nucleus projects:

Back 159

bilaterally to the lateral lemniscus. (both sides)

Front 160

How do the singals go to inferior colliculus / via what:

Back 160

Via lateral lemniscus

Front 161

After inferior colliculus – the singals go where via?

Back 161

Via brachium of inferior colliculus to -> medial geniculate nucleus

Front 162

Lateral lemniscus projects to:

Back 162

the nucleus of the inferior colliculus.

Front 163

Lateral lemniscus receives input from(2):

Back 163

receives input from the contralateral cochlear nuclei.
receives input from the superior olivary nuclei.

Front 164

What can we find in retromandibular fossa?

Back 164

Parotid gland

Front 165

two small communicating sacs in the vestibule of the bony labyrinth =,

Back 165

utricle and saccule

Front 166

The semicircular ducts open into

Back 166

:, the utricle

Front 167

Papez circuit is invloved with what:,

Back 167

Making long term memory

Memory consolidation is based upon long term potentiation phenomenon
(LTP)

Front 168

Papez circuit patway:,

Back 168

Hippocampus -> Mammillary body -> Anterior thalamic nucleus -> cingulate gyrus -> hippocampus

Front 169

Kluver-Bucy syndrome due to? leads to?

Back 169

(bilateral lesion or ablation of amygdala and uncus)

-loss of fear
-little emotional reaction to external stimuli
-sexual hyperactivity
-changes in behaviour –from aggressive to placid

Front 170

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: is due to? leads to?

Back 170

(toxic effect of alcohol and associated thiamine deficiency)
-difficulties in remembering events after the disease’s onset
-difficulty in retaining newly acquired information

Front 171

STRIATUM - do what in memory

Back 171

-memory for habits, actions and outcomes

Front 172

AMYGDALOID BODY do what in memory

Back 172

-memory for emotions
-influences memory consolidation in other memory systems

Front 173

GABA - Most important functions and regulated processes:

Back 173

•motor function
•inhibition of epileptic activi

Front 174

Glutamatergic system - Most important functions and regulated processes:

Back 174

•learning and memory
•projecting neurons of the cerebral cortex
(neocortex, allocortex)

Front 175

Cholinergic system - Most important functions and regulated processes:

Back 175

•learning and memory
•consciousness and concentration
•motor control

Front 176

Dopaminergic system - Most important functions and regulated processes:

Back 176

•motor and cognitive control
•reward behavior, pleasurable sensations, „feeling good”

Front 177

Noradrenergic system - Most important functions and regulated processes:

Back 177

•emotions and mood regulation
excitation and mobilizing action (attention and cortical arousal)
anxiety
•circadian rhythms control
sleep-wake cycle
•circulatory system control
pulse and blood pressure regulation

Front 178

body of third neuons in Ascending tracts are located?,

Back 178

VPL thalamic nucleus

Front 179

which patwhay for epicritic sensation?,

Back 179

Posteriorfuniculus-
Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

Front 180

Anterior and lateral funiculi is used for:

Back 180

Anterolateral system ->
protopathic sensation

Front 181

begins 1-2 segments below the lesion (due to presence of collaterals in Lissauer tract
Which system?

Back 181

Lateral spinothalamic tract in the spinal cord:
(protopathic sensation)

Den andra slutar direct below the lesion

Front 182

epicritic sensation for head go where?,

Back 182

principal sensory nucleus of CN V

Front 183

protopathic sensation for head go where?,

Back 183

mainly spinal trigeminal nucleus

Front 184

Dorsal (DSC) and ventral (VSC) spinocerebellar tracts provide to cerebellum:

Back 184

-info from the lower limb
-info about tension of muscles (muscle spindles), and tendons (Golgi tendon organs)
allowing online control of movements’ execution