Anatomy Clinical Terms Exam 2 Chapter 9-15

Front 1

A process in which increasing amounts of fibrous connective tissue develop, making muscles less flexible.

Back 1

fibrosis

Front 2

Several congenital conditions characterized by a generalized muscular weakness most evident in the upper limbs, head, and chest; caused by a reduction in the number of ACh receptors on motor end plates.

Back 2

muscular dystrophy

Front 3

A disease that produces progressive muscular weakness due to the loss of ACh receptors at the motor end plate.

Back 3

myasthenia gravis

Front 4

Progressive paralysis due to destruction of CNS motor neurons by the polio virus.

Back 4

polio

Front 5

A state following death during which muscles are locked in the contracted position, making the body extremely stiff.

Back 5

rigor mortis

Front 6

A hernia that occurs when abdominal organs slide into the thoracic cavity through an opening in the diaphragm.

Back 6

diaphragmatic hernia (hiatal hernia):

Front 7

A condition involving an organ or body part that protrudes through an abnormal opening.

Back 7

hernia

Front 8

A condition in which the inguinal canal enlarges and abdominal contents are forced into the inguinal canal.

Back 8

inguinal hernia

Front 9

Bleeding within the periosteum of a bone.

Back 9

bone bruise

Front 10

Inflammation of the bursae around one or more joints.

Back 10

bursitis

Front 11

An inflammation within the sheath surrounding the flexor tendons of the palm.

Back 11

carpal tunnel syndrome

Front 12

Ischemia resulting from accumulated blood and fluid trapped within a musculoskeletal compartment.

Back 12

compartment syndrome

Front 13

An injury that involves fracture to a bone inferior to the head, and simultaneous dislocation of the fractured bone from a joint.

Back 13

displaced, subcapital fracture

Front 14

A condition of “blood starvation” resulting from compression of regional blood vessels.

Back 14

ischemia

Front 15

Prolonged, involuntary, painful muscular contractions.

Back 15

muscle cramps

Front 16

The muscles that surround the shoulder joint; a frequent site of sports injuries.

Back 16

rotator cuff

Front 17

Tears or breaks in ligaments or tendons.

Back 17

sprains

Front 18

Tears or breaks in muscles.

Back 18

strains

Front 19

Cracks or breaks in bones subjected to repeated stress or trauma.

Back 19

stress fracture

Front 20

Inflammation of the connective tissue surrounding a tendon.

Back 20

tendinitis

Front 21

The progressive destruction of myelin sheaths in the CNS and PNS, leading to a loss of sensation and motor control. associated with heavy metal poisoning, diphtheria, MS, and Guillain-Barre syndrome

Back 21

demyelination

Front 22

An acute viral disease of the central nervous system usually transmitted by the bite of an infected mammal. The virus reaches the CNS by transport along the axons of neurons innervating the region of the bite.

Back 22

rabies

Front 23

The lack of normal reflex responses to stimuli.

Back 23

areflexia

Front 24

A spinal reflex in infants, consisting of a fanning of the toes, produced by stroking the foot on the side of the sole; in adults, a sign of CNS injury.

Back 24

Babinski sign (positive Babinski reflex)

Front 25

Injection of anesthetics into the epidural space of the sacrum to paralyze and reduce sensation of lower abdominal and perineal structures.

Back 25

caudal anesthesia

Front 26

Regional anesthesia produced by the injection of an anesthetic into the epidural space near targeted spinal nerve roots.

Back 26

epidural block

Front 27

A technique for stimulating specific muscles and muscle groups using electrodes controlled by a computer.

Back 27

functional electrical stimulation (FES)

Front 28

Exaggerated reflex responses that may develop in some pathological states or following stimulation of spinal and cranial nuclei by higher centers.

Back 28

hyperreflexia

Front 29

A condition in which normal spinal reflexes are present but weak.

Back 29

hyporeflexia

Front 30

A spinal tap performed between adjacent lumbar vertebrae.

Back 30

lumbar puncture

Front 31

An inflammation of the meningeal membranes

Back 31

meningitis

Front 32

A disease of the nervous system characterized by recurrent, often progressive incidents of demyelination affecting tracts in the brain and/or spinal cord. Common symptoms include partial loss of vision and problems with speech, balance, and general motor coordination.

Back 32

mulitple sclerosis

Front 33

A diagnostic procedure in which a radiopaque dye is introduced into the cerebrospinal fluid in order to obtain an x-ray of the spinal cord.

Back 33

myelography

Front 34

Insertion of an intact section from a different peripheral nerve to bridge the gap between the cut ends of a damaged nerve and to provide a route for axonal regeneration.

Back 34

nerve graft

Front 35

Paralysis involving loss of motor control of the lower limbs.

Back 35

paraplegia

Front 36

The “knee jerk” reflex; often used to provide information about the related spinal segments.

Back 36

patellar reflex

Front 37

Paralysis involving loss of sensation and motor control of the upper and lower limbs.

Back 37

quadriplegia

Front 38

A period of sensory and motor paralysis following any severe injury to the spinal cord.

Back 38

spinal shock

Front 39

A procedure in which fluid is extracted from the subarachnoid space through a needle inserted between the vertebrae.

Back 39

spinal tap

Front 40

A disturbance of balance that in severe cases leaves the individual unable to stand without assistance; caused by problems affecting the cerebellum.

Back 40

ataxia

Front 41

A condition resulting from an inflammation of the facial nerve; symptoms include paralysis of facial muscles on the affected side and loss of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

Back 41

Bell's palsy

Front 42

head injury resulting from violent contact with another object. Cranial trauma may cause a concussion, a condition characterized by a temporary loss of consciousness and a variable period of amnesia.

Back 42

cranial trauma

Front 43

An inability to stop a movement at a precise, predetermined position; it often leads to an intention tremor in the affected individual; usually reflects cerebellar dysfunction.

Back 43

dysmetria

Front 44

condition involving bleeding into the epidural spaces.

Back 44

epidural hemorrhage

Front 45

Also known as “water on the brain”; a condition in which the skull expands to accommodate extra fluid.

Back 45

hydrocephalus

Front 46

A condition characterized by a pronounced increase in muscle tone, resulting from loss of inhibitory control over neurons in the basal nuclei.

Back 46

Parkinson's disease (paralysis agitans)

Front 47

A condition characterized by hesitant, jerky, voluntary movements and increased muscle tone.

Back 47

spasticity

Front 48

A condition in which blood accumulates between the dura and the arachnoid mater.

Back 48

subdural hemorrhage

Front 49

A disorder of the maxillary and mandibular branches of N V characterized by severe, almost totally debilitating pain triggered by contact with the lip, tongue, or gums.

Back 49

tic douloureux/ trigeminal neuralgia

Front 50

A background shaking of the limbs resulting from a “tug of war” between antagonistic muscle groups.

Back 50

tremor