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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Anatomy?
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The study of structure.
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What is Physiology?
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The study of function at many levels.
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What are the six levels of organization?
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1.Chemical
2.Cellular 3.Tissue 4.Organ 5.Organ Systems 6.Organism |
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What are the eleven organ systems?
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-Integumentary (hair, skin, nails.)
-Skeletal (Bones, joints) -Muscular (Skeletal muscles) -Nervous (brain, nerves) -Endocrine (Glands) -Cardiovascular (heart, blood, blood vessels) -Lymphatic (immunity) -Respiratory (lungs) -Digestive -Urinary -Male/Female Reproductive |
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What are the eight necessary life functions?
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1. Maintain boundaries between internal & external environment
2. Movement 3.Responsiveness 4.Digestion 5.Metabolism 6.Excretion 7.Reproduction 8.Growth |
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What are the five survival needs?
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1.Nutrients
2.Oxygen 3.Water 4.Normal body temperature 5.Appropriate atmospheric pressure |
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What is homeostasis?
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(Unchanging) Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment.
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What are the three components of a homeostatic control mechanism?
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1.Receptor
2.Control Center 3. Effector |
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What does a Receptor do? (homeostatic control mechanism)
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Monitors environment, responds to stimuli
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What does the control center do? (homeostatic control mechanism)
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Determines set point at which the variable is maintained, then determines response.
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What does an Effector do?
(homeostatic control mechanism) |
Provides the means to respond.
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What is negative feedback?
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The response stops or shuts off stimulus.
(ex: temperature..sweating) |
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What is positive feedback?
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The response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus, may cascade or amplify effect.
(ex: labor) |
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What does a disturbance in homeostasis result in?
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Increase risk of disease, changes associated with aging, destructive positive feedback(heart failure).
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What is the Anatomical Position?
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Body erect, feet are shoulder width apart, & palms foward.
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What are the four steps in preparing a Wet Mount?
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1. Place specimen on slide
2.Add one drop of water/methalyne blue on specimen 3.Add corner of glass @ ~ 30-45 degree angle (to decrease bubbles) 4.Remove excess liquid w/ tissue |
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What does superior mean?
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(Cranial) - Towards the head/above
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What does inferior mean?
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(Caudal) - Away from the head/below
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What does ventral mean?
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(Anterior)- In front of the body
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What does dorsal mean?
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(Posterior) - Behind the body.
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What does medial mean?
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Toward the midline of the body.
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What does lateral mean?
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Away from the midline of the body.
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What does intermediate mean?
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Between a medial and the lateral structure.
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What does proximate mean?
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Closer to the origin of a body part.
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What does distal mean?
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Further from the origin of a body part.
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What does superficial mean?
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(External) - Toward or at the body surface.
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What does deep mean?
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(Internal) - Away from the body surface
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What does the Axial portion of the body contain?
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Head, trunk, and neck.
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What does the Appendicular portion of the body contain?
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The limbs.
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What is a plane?
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A flat surface along which body or structure.
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What does a sagittal plane do?
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Divides the body vertically into left and right.
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What does a midsagittal plane do?
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Divides the body vertically down the middle into left and right parts.(Median)
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What does a parasagittal plane do?
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Divides the body vertically into left and right parts. (not on midline)
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What does a frontal plane do?
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Divides the body vertically into front (anterior) and back (posterior) parts.
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What does a transverse plane do?
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Divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior parts.
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What does an oblique plane do?
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Divides the body diagonally.
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What does the dorsal cavity protect?
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Spinal cord & brain.
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What does the ventral cavity house?
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Internal organs (the viscera)
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How many subdivisions are in the ventral cavity? What are they called?
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Two; The Abdominopelvic and the Thoracic
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What cavity houses the heart?
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Pericardial cavity.
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The ______ is a thin double-layered membrane seperated by serous fluid.
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Serous Membrane.
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_____ is the portion of the serous membrane that lines internal body walls.
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Parietal
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_____ is the portion of the serous membrane that covers internal organs.
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Visceral.
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____ is anything that has mass and occupies space.
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Matter
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What are the three states of matter?
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-Solid
-Liquid -Gas |
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What is energy?
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The capacity to do work or to put matter into motion.
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What is kinetic energy?
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Energy in motion.
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What is potential energy?
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Stored (inactive) energy.
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_____ energy is stored in bonds of chemical substance.
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Chemical energy.
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_____ energy is most useful form in living systems because it's used to run almost all body processes.
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Chemical.
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____ energy exists in charged particles.
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Electrical.
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_____ energy exists in moving matter.
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Mechanical.
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_____ energy is found in wavelike properties. (visible light, infared, radio, UV...)
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Radiant (electromagnetic)
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What does "Energy form conversion" state?
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Energy may be converted from one form to another.
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What are elements?
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Compositions of matter that cannot be further broken down.
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Each element has 4 unique characteristics. What are they?
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-Physical
-Chemical -Atomic number -Atomic symbol |
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Which element is [Ag]?
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Silver.
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What is the atomic symbol for gold?
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[Au]
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Atomic symbol for oxygen?
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[O]
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Atomic symbol for Carbon?
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[C]
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Which element is [H]?
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Hydrogen
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Which element is [N]?
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Nitrogen.
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What is the atomic symbol for calcium?
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[Ca]
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What is the atomic symbol for Phosphorus?
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[P]
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Which element is [K]?
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Potassium.
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Which element is [Na]?
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Sodium.
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What is the atomic symbol for Chlorine?
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[Cl]
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Which element is [Mg]?
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Magnesium.
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Which element is [S]?
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Sulfur.
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What is the atomic symbol for Iron?
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[Fe]
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What is the atomic symbol for Iodine?
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[ I ]
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Which element is [Mn]?
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Manganese.
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99% of the human body is made up of which 6 elements?
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Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. [C,H,O, N, Ca, P]
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What charge does a neutron have?
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Neutral.
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What charge does a proton have?
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Positive.
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What charge does an electron have?
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Negative.
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The _____ model depicts probable regions of greatest electron density. (Used today)
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Orbital Model.
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The _____ model is oversimplified. (Not as accurate, not used today)
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Planetary model.
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What are the three types of mixtures?
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-Solutions
-Colloids -Suspensions |
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Solutions are _______ mixtures. And are usually _______.
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Homogeneous. Transparent.
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1 mole of any substance contains _____ molecules.
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6.02x10^23.
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_______ are heterogeneous mixtures that have large solute particles.
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Colloids.
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______ mixtures have large visible solutes that tend to settle out. (Blood)
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Suspensions.
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Water makes up ____% of living cells.
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60-80%
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_____ & ______ are electrolytes.
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Acids & bases
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Acids are proton _____.
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Donors.
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Bases are proton _____.
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Acceptors.
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In acid solutions; as [H+] ______, acidity increases.
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Increases.
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In alkaline solutions; as [H+] _____, alkalinity increases.
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Decreases.
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What is PH?
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Acid-Base concentration.
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What is considered a neutral PH?
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7
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The PH of acidic solutions is ____.
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0-6.99
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The PH of alkaline solutions is ____.
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7.01-14
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What are buffers?
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Mixtures that resist PH changes.
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Sugars and starches contain _, _, & _.
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C, H, & O.
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_______ contain "head" and "tail" regions that have different properties.
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Phospholipids.
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______ transport fat in blood.
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Lipoprotiens.
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Fibrous proteins are ______.
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Structural.
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_____ proteins contain keratin, elastin, collagen, and certain connective fibers.
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Fibrous.
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Globular proteins are ______.
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Functional.
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Are Globular Proteins water soluble?
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Yes.
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What is DNA?
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid. (Double Helix)
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What is RNA?
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Ribonucleic Acid. (Messenger)
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What is ATP?
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Adenonsive Triphosphate. (Cellular Energy)
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What nitrogenous bases does RNA contain?
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Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil.
( AGCU ) |
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What nitrogenous bases does DNA contain?
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Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine.
( AGCT ) |
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What does the Cell Theory state?
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The cell is the smallest, structural, and functional living unit.
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How many different types of human cells are there?
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Over 200.
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What are 3 things that most cells have in common?
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Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus.
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What are the two types of membrane junctions?
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Desmosomes, and Gap junctions.
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What do desmosomes do?
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Anchor cells together. (Skin, cardiac)
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What do gap junctions do?
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Regulators - Small pores allow molecules to pass from cell to cell.
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Plasma membranes are ______ permeable.
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Selectively.
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______ Processes:
-No cellular energy required -Substance moves down its concentration gradient. |
Passive.
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_____ Processes:
-ATP required. -Occurs only in living cell membranes. |
Active.
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What is diffusion?
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The tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
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What are the two types of Passive processes?
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-Diffusion
-Osmosis. |
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What is Osmosis?
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Movement of solvent (water) across a selectively permeable membrane.
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When ____ occurs, water enters or leaves cell.
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Osmosis.
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What is tonicity?
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The ability of a solution to cause a cell to shrink or swell.
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Define Isotonic.
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A solution with the same solute concentration as that of cytosol.
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Define Hypertonic.
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A solution having greater solute concentration than that of cytosol.
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What is cytoplasm?
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Cellular material located between plasma membrane and nucleus where most cellular activities are accomplished.
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____ is intracellular fluid.
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Cytosol.
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________ are chemical substances that may or may not be included.
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Inclusions.
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What is the mitochondria?
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Powerhouse of the cell.
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Where is the site of protein synthesis in the cell?
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Ribosomes.
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What are the two types of Endoplasmic Recticulum?
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Rough & Smooth.
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What's the difference between rough and smooth ER?
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Rough has ribosomes and smooth does not.
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______ ER breaks down carcinogens in the liver.
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Smooth.
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The ends pinch off of this.
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Golgi Apparatus.
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What do lysosomes do?
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Break down bacteria.
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What do peroxisomes do?
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Detoxify harmful substances.
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_____ are involved in cell motility, change in shape, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
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Microfilaments.
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What are motor molecules?
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Protein complexes that function in motility and are powered by ATP
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Where is the centrosome located?
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Cell center (near nucleus)
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What are two types of cellular extensions?
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Cilia and flagella
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What are microvilli?
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Finger-like projections that increase surface area (found in digestive system)
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The ____ is the genetic library. Most cells have one.
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Nucleus.
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_____ is thread like substances of DNA.
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Chromatin.
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Chromatin condenses into bar-like bodies called _______.
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Chromosomes.
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What is the cell cycle?
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Changes from formation of the cell until it reproduces.
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What are the five phases of the cell cycle in order?
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-Interphase
-Prophase -Metaphase -Anaphase -Telophase. |
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What is the shortest phase of the cell cycle?
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Anaphase
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What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?
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Interphase.
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Telophase begins when the _____ ____ ______.
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Chromosomes stop moving.
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