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280 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the 5 levels of organization from smallest to largest?
1. Cells
2. Tissues
3. Organs
4. Organ System
5. Organism
Groups of cells similar in structure and function:
Tissues
What are the four types of tissues?
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nerve
Epithelial tissue is supported by ________
Connective tissue
True or False: Epithelial tissues contain no blood vessels but supplied by nerve fibers
True
True or False: Epithelial tissues rapidly replaces lost cells by cell division
True
What are the 3 different cell layers of Epithelium?
1. Simple
2. Stratified
3. Pseudostratified
Define psuedostratified:
Looks layered but it's not, all cells rest on a basement membrane
What are the three shapes of epithelial tissues?
1. Cuboidal
2. Columnar
3. Squamous
Where would you find simple squamous epithelium?
1. Alveoli (air sacs) of lungs
2. Lining of heart
3. Blood vessels
4. Lymphatic vessels
Where would you find simple cuboidal epithelium?
1. Kidney tubules
2. Ducts
3. Ovary surface
Where would you find simple columnar epithelium?
1. Digestive tract
2. Gallbladder
3. Uterine tubes
Function of the nervous tissue:
Internal communication
Function of the muscle tissue:
Contracts to cause movement
Functions of the epithelial tissue:
1. Forms boundaries between different environments
2. Protects
3. Secretes
4. Absorbs
5. Filters
Functions of connective tissue:
1. Supports
2. Protects
3. Binds
-other tissues together
Examples of nervous tissue are:
1. Brain
2. Spinal cord
3. Nerves
Examples of muscle tissue are:
1. Muscles of the heart
2. Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth)
Examples of epithelial tissue:
1. Lines digestive tract organs and hollow organs
2. Skin surface
Examples of connective tissue:
1. Bones
2. Tendons
3. Fat and other soft padding tissue
Functions of simple squamous epithelium:
1. Diffusion
2. Provide a slick, friction-reducing lining in lympathic and cardiovascular systems
Function of simple cuboidal epithelium:
Secretion and absorbtion
Function of simple columnar epithelium:
Secretion and absorbtion
Goblet cells are found in this layer
Simple columnar epithelium
Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium:
Secretion and propulsion of mucus
Present in male sperm-carrying ducts and trachea and is cilliated:
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Function of stratified squamous epithelium:
Protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion
Where would you find stratified squamous epithelium?
1. Lining esophagus
2. Mouth
3. Vagina
Quite rare epithelium tissue that is found in some sweat and mammary glands (typically 2 layers thick)
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
This epithelium tissue is limited in the body but found in the pharynx, and male urethra.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Basal cells are:
Cuboidal
Surface cells are:
Dome shaped
Stretches to permit the distension of the urinary bladder (expands with fluid):
Transitional epithelium
Lines the urinary bladder, ureters and part of the urethra
Transitional epithelium
Ductless glands that produce hormones:
Endocrine glands
A ______ is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid
Gland
Intracellular:
Inside the cell
Intercellular:
In between cells
True or False: Endocrine glands secrete amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, and steroids.
True
More numerous than endocrine glands
Exocrine glands
Examples of exocrine glands:
1. Mucous
2. Sweat
3. Oil
4. Salivary glands
The only important unicellular gland the __________
Goblet cell
Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of a ______ and ________ unit
Duct and secretory
Exocrine glands:
Secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
_____ tissue binds all tissue together :
Connective Tissue
_____ tissue supports all cells and tissues:
Connective Tissue
True or False: Connective tissue has a large amount of matrix
True
These three things are common in connective tissue:
1. Cells
2. Fiber
3. Matrix
-blast means:
Young cell
-cyte means:
Mature cell
Strongest connective tissue:
Bone
Simplest connective tissue:
connective tissue proper
Liquid connective tissue:
blood
Chondrocyte means:
cartilage
Types of fibers in connective tissue:
Collagen, Elastic and reticular
Connective tissue proper is:
Soft, Loose
Cartilage is:
Rubbery
Bones are:
Hard, Rigid
Matrix is __% water, calcium phosphate and hydroxyl apallia:
65%
Matrix is __% collagen fiber
35%
The ______ lines the medullary cavity
Endosteum
_______ is dense, fibrous connective tissue
Periosteum
Bone is very _____ (bloody)
Vascular
True or False: Hematopoietic tissue is found in infants and adults
True
Hematopoietic tissue in infants is found:
In the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone
Hematopoietic tissue in adults is found in:
1. The inner layer of flat bones
2. The head of the femur and humerus
Dense outer layer of the bone
Compact bone
What does dense mean?
Doesn't have much space
Honeycomb of trabeculae (beams) filled with yellow bone marrow that contain lots of space:
Spongy bone
What does lamallae mean?
Lots of layers
True or false: The haversian system carries blood, nerves and lymphatic vessels
True
If the matrix in bones wa 70/30, the bones would be:
Brittle
If bone matrix ratio was 50/50 you would have:
Soft bone
Osteoblasts are:
Bone forming cell
Osteocytes are:
Mature bone cells
Osteoclasts are:
Large cells that break down bone matrix
True or False:Unmineralized bone matrix has more collagen than calcium phosphate
True
True or False: Osteoids are unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and collagen
True!
What are the five things calcium is necessary for?
(They are calcium dependent)
1. Transmission of nerve impulses
2. Muscle contraction
3. Blood coagulation (clotting)
4. Secretion by glands and nerve cells
5. Cell division
Interstitial means:
From inside out
Appositional means:
From outside, in
Intramembraous means:
Direct bone formation without a cartilage model (Bones of the skull are formed this way)
Endochondrial Ossification means:
Indirect and uses a cartilage model
-ase means:
Enzymes
What does divergent mean?
Open up
What does convergent mean?
To close
Where two different bones touch eachother
Articulations
Osteoporosis means
Loss of bone
A disease in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis occurs most often in ___________ ______
Postmenopausal women
Synarthrosis joints are:
1. Fibrous
2. immovable
Amphiarthrosis joints are:
1. cartilageinous
2. slightly movable
Synovial joints are:
(diarthrosis)
immovable
Examples of a synarthrosis joint is:
1. Skull sutures
Examplse of ampiarthrosis joints are:
1. Pubic Symphysis
2. Intervertebral disc
Synovial fluid is _____ with no ____ ____ ______
Thick, red blood cells (lubricating)
To produce synovial fluid, you need a ________ _______ movement plus the correct speed of motion
Convergent wedge
When you hear "fibrous" they're usually talking about:
Connective tissue
True or False: Sutures bind bones tightly together but allow for growth during youth
True
Cartilaginous Joints lack:
A joint cavity
The two types of cartilaginous joints:
1. Synchondroses
2. Symphyses
Covering around bone:
Periosteum
Hyaline cartilage prevents:
Bone from rubbing together
Examples where hyaline cartilage is located:
1. intervertebral joints
2. pubic symphysis
When hyaline cartilage cover cap wears away, it is the beginning of what:
Arthritic Change
Synovial joints have:
1. Hyaline Cartilage
2. Joint cavity
3. Articular capsule
4. Synovial fluid
5. Fluid produced by convergent motion
6. Reinforcing ligaments
7. Wide range of motion
The more "free" a joint is, the easier it is to:
Dislocate
Hinge joint: Also called:
Ginglymus joint
Example of a hinge joint:
Elbow
Ball and socket joint: also called:
Enarthrosis
Example of a ball and socket joint
Shoulder-arm
Femur-hip
Hinge joints are:
Fixed
Ball and socket joints move:
freely
Pivot joint: Also called:
Trochoid
True or false: Pivoit joints rotary motion in one plane:
True
Example of a pivot joint:
Radius rotates on the humerus
Condyloid joints: also called:
Ellipsoid (cupped hands)
True or False: Condyloid joints permit motion in 2 planes, but not rotation
True
Example of a condyloid joint:
Carpal-Carpal
Arthroidal joint: also called:
Gliding
Example of arthroidal joint:
Saddle joint, thumb, carpal- metacarpal
Movement of a plane joint:
Slipping of surfaces
Plane joints are ____ bones
flat bones
Example of plane joints:
Intercarpal or intertarsal bones
True or False: Plane joints don't allow for rotary motion
True
Gliding:
Intercarpal. intertarsal
Angular flexion:
Example- flexing muscles
Dorsiflexion means:
lifting foot to shin
Plantar flexion means:
pointing toes
Circumduction:
Circular movement
Example of a rotation joint
hip or shoulder joint
Example of protration and retraction would be in the ____
mandible
Gliding movement resembles:
the queen wave
Axis allows you to say _____ with your head
no
Rotation means:
turning of a bone around its own long axis
Pronation:
Hand face down
Supination:
Hand palm up
Bring foot in:
inversion
Bring foot out:
eversion
Sticking jaw out:
protraction
Sticking jaw back in:
retraction
Extension of a synovial capsule
Bursa
Bursa can be:
1. Articular
2. Subcutaneous
Inflammation of the bursa:
Bursitis
Examples of Bursitis:
1. Tennis elbow
2. Housemaids knee
3. Bunion- Joint in great toe
Any joint inflammation:
Arthritis
Causes of arthritis
1. Infection
2. Misuse- cracking knuckles
3. Aging
4. Gout
What are the two types of arthritis
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Rheumatoid arthritis
Cartilage injuries can be repaired with:
Arthroscopic surgery
When bones are forced out of alignment:
dislocation
Partial dislocation of a joint:
Subluxation
Calcitionin is a:
Polypeptide (protein)
Calcitonin _____ blood ca levels
lowers
Parathyroid hormones ______ ca levels
raises
Osteoblasts and osteocytes do what:
Make bone
Osteoclasts do what:
Destroy bone
What do the canaliculi do:
Get rid of waste products
Osteomalacia is a ______ insufficiency.
Vitamin D
Inadequately mineralized bones lead to this:
Rickets
Disease of "losing bone"
Osteoporosis
Band of fiberous connective tissue that connects bone to bone:
ligament
Muscle to bone:
Tendon
Rigid bar that moves on a fulcrum at a fixed point:
Lever
Effort in a lever system is the:
force applied
Resistance moved by effort in a lever system:
Load
What are the three components of a lever system:
1. Bone
2. Joint
3. Muscle
Nodding your head 'yes' is an example of what class lever system:
Class one
Class one lever system consists of:
LFE
(load, fulcrum, effort)
Standing on your tippy toes is an example of what class lever system:
Class two
Class two lever system consists of:
FLE
(fulcrum, load, effort)
Most common class of lever system in the body:
Class three
Class three lever system consists of:
LEF
(load, effort, fulcrum)
Stability is determined by:
Articular surfaces and ligaments
Muscle tone is accomplished by:
Muscle tendons
What does antagonistic mean?
Opposing
Chief cells of the parathyroid gland:
Parathyroid hormones
What does cruciate mean:
To cross
The type of arthritis you dont want:
Rheumatoid arthritis
Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues
Gouty arthritis
Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity:
Diaphysis
Yellow bone marrow inside this:
Medullary cavity
Another name for yellow bone marrow:
Fat
Compact bone is _____
Solid
When you get old the _______ ________ gets hard when you stop growing
Epiphyseal line
What does antagonistic mean?
Opposing
Chief cells of the parathyroid gland:
Parathyroid hormones
What does cruciate mean:
To cross
The type of arthritis you dont want:
Rheumatoid arthritis
Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues
Gouty arthritis
Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity:
Diaphysis
Yellow bone marrow inside this:
Medullary cavity
Another name for yellow bone marrow:
Fat
Compact bone is _____
Solid
When you get old the _______ ________ gets hard when you stop growing
Epiphyseal line
Surrounds the medullary cavity
Endosteum
Surrounds the bone:
Periosteum
Epiphyses is covered by:
Hyaline (articular) cartilage
What does hematopolesis mean:
Blood cell production
Enzymes rely on:
Calcium
There are ____ bones in the skeletal system:
206
What are the 4 types of skeletons:
Hydro skeleton
braced frame
exoskeleton
endoskeleton
Blood cells are produced by the ______ cavity
Medullary Cavity
Example of hydro skeleton:
Jellyfish, earthworm
Example of braced frame skeleton:
Any solid material
Example of exoskeleton:
Crab
Lobster
Example of endoskeleton:
Bone-
Axial
Appendicular
Axial skeleton runs _____
Vertically (spine)
Appendicular skeleton:
Legs, arms
The bones of the ear are called:
Auditory Ossicles
How many bones are in the ear;
6
True or false: Bone is built on the decay of cartilage
True
The ratio of matrix:
65 % and 35%
Hemoatopoietic tissue in infants is found in the:
Medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone
Hematopoietic tissue in adults is found in:
Inner layer of flat bones, head of femur and humerus
Avascular means:
If cut, doesnt bleed
True or False: Epithelial tissue rapidly replaces lost cells by cell division
True
Single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped nuclei and very little cytoplasm
Simple Squamous epithelium
Single layer of cube-like cells with large spherical central nuclei
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei; many contain cillia
Simple columnar epithelium
Single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free surface: Cilliated
Psuedostratified columnar epithelia
Thick membrane composed of serveral layers of cells, found in areas subjected to abrasion
Stratified squamous epithelium
Epithelial tissue that is quite rare in the body, found in sweat and mammary glands
Stratified cuboidal epithelial
Epithelial tissue that is limited, found in the pharynx, male urethra, and lines some gladular ducts
Stratified cuboidal epithelial
Stretches to permit the distention of the urinary bladder
Transitional epithelium
Examples of this gland include muceus, sweat, oil and salivary glands
Exocrine glands
One or more cells that make and secrete aquaous fluid
A gland
Ductless glands that produce hormones
Endocrine Glands
Secrete amino acids, proteins, and glycoproteins and steroids into blood vessels or intercellular spaces
Endocrine glands
This tissue:
1. Binds all tissues together
2. Supports all cells and tissues
3. Has a large amount of matrix
4. Has a small cell population
Connective tissue
Loose fibers are:
Subcutaneous
Dense fibers are:
Ligaments and tendons
Types of fibers:
1. Collagen
2. Elastic
3. Reticular
Contains water, collagen, mucopolysccharides, hylauronic acid and chondrotin
Matrix
What are the 5 types of connective tissue?
1. Mucous
2. Loose areolar
3. White fibrous
4. Elastic
5. Adipose
Loose, only occurs in embryos
Mucous Connective Tissue
This connective tissue is semi-fluid, loose and fills spaces between organs, lies beneath epithelial membranes and beneith skin
Loose (Areolar) Connective tissue
This connective tissue wraps and cushions organs and is widely distributed throughout the body with a gel-like matrix
Connective tissue proper: loose
This type of connective tissue is composed of densly packed collagen, provides strong support (tendons and ligaments)
White fibrous connective tissue
This type of connective tissue:
Attaches muscle to bone, or bone to bone
Its major cell is fibroblasts
Connective tissue proper: Dense regular
This type of connective cell is:
Very loose
Fat cells
Contain collagen and elastic fibers
Adipose Connective Tissue
This type of connective tissue:
Contain Chondroblasts, lacunae, perichondrium, and has no blood vessels
Cartilage connective tissue
This type of connective tissue:
Supports, reinforces, cushions and resists compression
Forms the costal cartilage
Found in end of long bones
Hyaline Cartilage
This type of cartilage:
Contains no blood vessels or nerves
Surrounded by perichondrium that resists outward expansion
Skeletal Cartilage
This type of connective tissue:
Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing flexability
Supports the external ear
Elastic Connective tissue
This cartilage is found in:
1. Surface of bones
2. Ribs
3. Nose
4. Trachea
Hyaline Cartilage
This cartilage is found in:
1. Intervertebral discs
2. Pubic symphysis
White fibrous
This cartilage is found in:
1. External ear
2. Eustachian Tube
Yellow Elastic Cartilage
This cartilage is most abundant in skeletal cartilage
Hyaline
This cartilage provides flexability and resilience
Hyaline
This system is the structural unit of compact bone:
Haversian System
Weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed of mainly collagen
Lamella
Central canal containing blood vessels and nerves
Haversian Canal
Channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the haversian canal
Volkmann's Canal
Mature bone cells
Osteocytes
Small cavities in the bone that contain osteocytes
Lacunae
Hair-like canals that connect lacunae to eachother and the central canal
Canaliculi
The only tissue that can contract
Muscle tissue
This tissue is:
1. Highly cellular
2. Well vascular
3. Responsible for movement
4. Irritable-contractive
5. Skeletal, cardiac or smooth
Muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle is:
Voluntary Striated
Cardiac Muscle is:
Involuntary Striated
Smooth Muscle is:
Involuntary nonstriated
This type of muscle tissue is:
1. Long, cylindrical, multinucleated with striations
2. Initiates and controls voluntary movement
Skeletal Muscle tissue
This type of muscle tissue is located in the walls of the heart and is involuntary striated
Cardiac Muscle tissue
This type of muscle tissue is: involuntary nonstriated
Smooth muscle tissue
This type of tissue:
1. is the main component of the brain, spinal cord and nerves
2. Generate, and conduct nerve impulses
Nervous tissue
Neurons contain 3 different aspects:
Sensory
Motor
Association
Sensory nerves are:
Input
Motor nerves are:
Output
There are 2 cell types in nervous tissue:
Neurons and glial cells
1. Blood supply
2. Very little regeneration
3. No mitosis
4. Cell death

Characteristics of what type of tissue
Nervous
Chromatolysis means:
Cell death
What are the 3 types of body membranes?
1. Muceous
2. Serous
3. Synovial
This membrane lines cavities that open to the outside- except the ear
Mucous membrane
This membrane lines cavities close to the outside with 2 layers of membranes:
1. Viceral
2. Parietal
Serous Membrane
Visceral means:
Inner
Parietal means:
Outer
Pleura, and pericardium are examples of:
Serous membrane
This membrane consists of moveable joints:
Synovial membrane
Cutaneous means:
Skin
This membrane moistens membranes found in cloased ventral body
Serous