Anatomy Chapter 3

Front 1

cytology

Back 1

the study of cell structure and function

Front 2

squamous cells

Back 2

thin flat, and often have angular contours when viewed from above. esophagus and cover the skin

Front 3

Polygonal cells

Back 3

irregularly angular shapes with four, five, or more sides.nerve cells

Front 4

Stellate cells

Back 4

star like shape. nerve cells

Front 5

Cuboidal cells

Back 5

cells are squarish and approximately as tall as they are wide. liver cells

Front 6

Columnar cells

Back 6

taller than they are wider cells and line the intestines

Front 7

Spheroid to ovoid

Back 7

egg cells and fat cells are this shape (round to oval)

Front 8

Discoid cells

Back 8

disk shaped, red blood cells

Front 9

Fusiform cells

Back 9

thick in the middle and tapered toward the ends . smooth muscle

Front 10

fibrous

Back 10

threadlike shape. skeletal muscle

Front 11

cytoplasm

Back 11

fluid between the nucleus and surface membrane

Front 12

Transmission Electron Microscope

Back 12

beam of electrons in place of light can see the ultrastructure

Front 13

Scanning electron microscope

Back 13

produces dramatic three dimensional images at high magnification and resolution only view surface featrues

Front 14

plasma (cell) membrane

Back 14

made of proteins and lipids

Front 15

cytoskeleton

Back 15

a system of protein microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubles in a cell, serving in physical support, cellular movement, and the routing of molecules and organelles to their destination within the cell

Front 16

Intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytosol

Back 16

clear gel that the organelles and cytoskeletons are embedded in

Front 17

extracellular fluid (ECF)

Back 17

fluid outside of the cell

Front 18

Integral (transmembrane) proteins

Back 18

a protein that extends through a plasma membrane and contacts both the extracellular and intracellualr fluid. Have hydrophilic regions in contact with the cytoplasm and extracellualr fluid and hydrophobic regions that pass back and forth through the lipid of the membrane. Most are glycoproteins which are conjugated with oligosaccharides on the extracellular side of the membrane. some float some are anchored to cytoskeleton

Front 19

Peripheral proteins

Back 19

do not protrude inot the phospholipid layer but adhere to the intracellular face of the membrane. typically associated with an integral protein and tethered to the cytoskeleton

Front 20

Receptor
(function of membrane protein)

Back 20

chemical signals by which cells communicate with each other often cannot enter the target cell, but bind to surface proteins called receptors. Usually specific for one particular messenger, much like an enzyme that is specific to one substrate

Front 21

Second messenger systems
(function of membrane protein

Back 21

a chemical that is produced within a cell (such as cAMP) or that enters a cell (such as calcium ions) in response to the binding of a messenger to a membrane receptor, an that triggers a metabolic reaction in the cell

Front 22

Enzymes in plasma membrane

Back 22

carry out the final stages of starch and protein digestion in the small intestine, help produce second messengers, and break down hormones and other signaling molecules whose job is done, thus stopping them from excessively stimulating a cell

Front 23

Channel protein

Back 23

integral proteins with pores that allowpassage of water and hydrophilic solutes through the membrane

Front 24

ligand-regulated gates

Back 24

respond to chemical messengers

Front 25

voltage regulated gates

Back 25

changes in electrical potential (voltage) across the plasma membrane

Front 26

mechanically regulated gates

Back 26

physical stress on a cell stimuli.

Front 27

Carriers

Back 27

integral proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes, and other solutes and transfer them to the other side of the membrane.

Front 28

molecular motors

Back 28

these proteins produce movement by changing shape and pulling on other molecules. Move materials within a cell, as in transporting molecules and organelles to their destinations; they enable some cells, such as white blood cells, to crawl around in the body's tissues; and they make cells change shape, as when a cell surrounds and engulfs foreign particles or when it divide in two.

Front 29

Glycocalyx

Back 29

carbohydrate fuzzy surface coating, that acts like an identification tag. Contains glycolipids an glycoprotein. tells difference between healthy cells and transplanted tissues, invading organisms, and diseased cells

Front 30

Cell adhesion molecules

Back 30

protein membranes that allow cells to adhere to one another and to extracellular material. some do not survive with out this like sperm and egg

Front 31

G- Protein

Back 31

a protein of the plasma membrane that is activated by a membrane receptor and, in turn, opens an ion channel or activates an intracellular physioloical response; important in linking ligand receptor binding to second- messenger systems

Front 32

Adenylate cyclase

Back 32

An enzyme of the plasma membrane tha removes two phosphate molecules from ATP and makes cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP); important in the activation of the cAMP second-messenger system.

Front 33

Kinases

Back 33

in the cytosol,adds phosphate groups to other cellular enzymes. this activates some enzymes and deactivates others.

Front 34

Microvilli

Back 34

extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell's surface area. Good in absorption epithelial cells of the intestines and the kidney

Front 35

Cilia

Back 35

move substances along cell surface; some sensory roles (hearing, equilibrium, smell, vision)

Front 36

axoneme

Back 36

the core of microtubules, usually a "9 + 2" array at the center of a cilium of flagellum. the structural basis for ciliary movement.

Front 37

basal body

Back 37

anchors the cilium

Front 38

Dynein

Back 38

motor protein invovled in the beating of cilia and flagella and in the movement of molecules and organelles within cells, as in retrograde transport in a nerve fiber

Front 39

Flagellum

Back 39

whiplike structure much longer than a cilium but still has same axoneme. tail of sperm in humans

Front 40

Selectively permeable

Back 40

allows some things in membrane like nutrients and wastes, but usually prevents other things such as proteins and phosphates form entering and leaving

Front 41

Passive mechanisms

Back 41

require no energy expenditure by cell and include filtration and diffusion

Front 42

Active mechanisms

Back 42

require the cell to consume ATP. include active transport and vesicular transport

Front 43

Carrier mediated

Back 43

use a membrane protein to transport substances from one side of the membrane to the other

Front 44

Filtration

Back 44

process in which particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure: the force exerted on membrane by water

Front 45

Simple Diffusion

Back 45

the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration as a result of their constant, spontaneous motion

Front 46

Osmosis

Back 46

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from "more watery" to the "less watery" side

Front 47

Osmotic pressure

Back 47

the amount of pressure that would have to be applied to one side of a selectively permeable membrane to stop osmosis; proportional to the concentration of nonpermeating solutees on that side and therefore serving as an indicator of solute concentration.

Front 48

osmole

Back 48

1 mole of dissolved particles

Front 49

Osmolality

Back 49

is the number of osmoles of solute per kilogram of water

Front 50

Osmolarity

Back 50

is the number of osmoles per liter of solution

Front 51

Tonicity

Back 51

is the ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell

Front 52

Hypotonic

Back 52

has a lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the intracelllular fluid (ICF). Cells absorb water, swell, and may burst.

Front 53

Hypertonic

Back 53

solution with a higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than ICF. fluid (ICF) it causes cells to lose water and shrivel (crenate)

Front 54

Isotonic

Back 54

the total concentration of nonpermeating solutes is the same as in the ICF--hence they cause no change in cell volume or shape

Front 55

Saturation

Back 55

as the solute concentration rises, its rate of transport through a membrane increases, but only up to a point. Then levels off at the transport maximum

Front 56

Three kinds of carriers

Back 56

Uniport, symport, and Antiport

Front 57

Uniport

Back 57

carries only one solute at a time.

Front 58

Symport

Back 58

carries two or more solutes through a membrane simultaneously in the same direction (cotransport). Small intestine and kidneys take up sodium and glucose simultaneously

Front 59

Antiport

Back 59

carries two or more solutes in opposite directions (countertransport)sodium potassium pumps

Front 60

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 60

carrier mediated transport of solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient. Passive, does not consume DNA. the solute attches to a binding site on the carrier, then the carrier changes conformation and releases the solute on the other side of the membrane

Front 61

G- Protein

Back 61

a protein of the plasma membrane that is activated by a membrane receptor and, in turn, opens an ion channel or activates an intracellular physioloical response; important in linking ligand receptor binding to second- messenger systems

Front 62

Adenylate cyclase

Back 62

An enzyme of the plasma membrane tha removes two phosphate molecules from ATP and makes cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP); important in the activation of the cAMP second-messenger system.

Front 63

Kinases

Back 63

in the cytosol,adds phosphate groups to other cellular enzymes. this activates some enzymes and deactivates others.

Front 64

Microvilli

Back 64

extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell's surface area. Good in absorption epithelial cells of the intestines and the kidney

Front 65

Cilia

Back 65

move substances along cell surface; some sensory roles (hearing, equilibrium, smell, vision)

Front 66

axoneme

Back 66

the core of microtubules, usually a "9 + 2" array at the center of a cilium of flagellum. the structural basis for ciliary movement.

Front 67

basal body

Back 67

anchors the cilium

Front 68

Dynein

Back 68

motor protein invovled in the beating of cilia and flagella and in the movement of molecules and organelles within cells, as in retrograde transport in a nerve fiber

Front 69

Flagellum

Back 69

whiplike structure much longer than a cilium but still has same axoneme. tail of sperm in humans

Front 70

Selectively permeable

Back 70

allows some things in membrane like nutrients and wastes, but usually prevents other things such as proteins and phosphates form entering and leaving

Front 71

Passive mechanisms

Back 71

require no energy expenditure by cell and include filtration and diffusion

Front 72

Active mechanisms

Back 72

require the cell to consume ATP. include active transport and vesicular transport

Front 73

Carrier mediated

Back 73

use a membrane protein to transport substances from one side of the membrane to the other

Front 74

Filtration

Back 74

process in which particles are driven through a selectively permeable membrane by hydrostatic pressure: the force exerted on membrane by water

Front 75

Simple Diffusion

Back 75

the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration as a result of their constant, spontaneous motion

Front 76

Active transport

Back 76

is the carrier mediated transport of a solute through a membrane up its concentration gradient. Sodium potassium pump

Front 77

Vesicular transport

Back 77

move large particles, droplets of fluid, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane, contained in bubblelike vesicles of membrane

Front 78

endocytosis

Back 78

vesicular processes that bring matter into a cell

Front 79

exocytosis

Back 79

vesicular proccesses that release material from a cell

Front 80

Two forms of endocytosis

Back 80

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Front 81

Phagocytosis

Back 81

cell eating, is the process of engulfing particles such as bacteria, dust, and cellular debis, particles large enough to be seen with a microscope. Occurs in some human cells

Front 82

Phagosome

Back 82

part of a neutrophil and is a vesicle in the cytoplasm surrounded by a unit membrane.

Front 83

Pinocytosis

Back 83

cell drinking is the process of takin in droplets of ECF containing molecules of some use to the cell. Occurs in all human cells

Front 84

pinocytotic vesicles

Back 84

contain droplets of the ECF and ar in the cytoplasm

Front 85

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Back 85

Phagocytosis or pinocytosis in which specific solute particles bind to receptors on the plasma membrane, and are then taken into the cell in clathrin-coated vesicles with a minimal amount of fluid

Front 86

transcytosis

Back 86

transport of a substance across a cell

Front 87

Exocytosis

Back 87

process of eliminating material from a cell by means of viscle approaching the cell surface, fusing with the plasma membane, and expelling its contents, used to release cell secretions, replace worn -out plasma membrane, and replace membrane that has been internalized by endocytosis.

Front 88

nucleus

Back 88

largest organelle and usually the only one visible with the light microscope. spheroid to elliptical

Front 89

anuclear

Back 89

no nucleus. RBC

Front 90

multinuclear

Back 90

having 2-50 nuclei, liver cells, skeletal muscle

Front 91

nuclear envelope

Back 91

covers the nucleus with nuclear pores on it

Front 92

nucleoplasm

Back 92

material in the nucleus

Front 93

chromatin

Back 93

in the nuceleoplasm and is fine thread like matter composed of DNA and protein

Front 94

nucleoli

Back 94

in the nuceloplasm and there are one or more of these and they are dark staining masses where ribosomes are porduced

Front 95

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 95

an extensive system of interconnected cytoplasmic tubules or channnels; classified as rough ER or smooth ER depending on the presence or absence of ribosomes on its membrane

Front 96

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 96

network is composed of parallel flattened sac covered wtih granules called ribosomes. Protein synthesis and manufatcture of cellular membranes

Front 97

smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 97

branching network of tubules with smooth surface usually broken into small segments in TEM photos. Lipid syntesis detoxification calcium storage

Front 98

Ribosomes

Back 98

small dark granuels free in cytosol or on suface of rough ER. Interpret the genetic code and synthesize polypeptides make them

Front 99

Golgi complex

Back 99

several closely spaced, parallel cisternae with thick edges, usually near nucleus, often with many GOlgi vesicles nearby. Receives and modifies newly synthesized polypeptides, synthesizes carbohydrates, adds carbohydrates to glycoproteins; packages cell products in to GOlgi vessicles

Front 100

golgi vesicles

Back 100

round to irregular sacs near golgi complex. Become secretory vesicles and carry cell products to apical surface for exocytosis or become lysosomes

Front 101

autophagy

Back 101

digesting and disposing of worn out mitochondria and other organelles by the lysosomes

Front 102

autolysis

Back 102

digestion of surplus cells by their own lysosomal enzymes

Front 103

Lysosomes

Back 103

package of enzymes bounded by a single unit membrane. Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion, autophagy, programmed cell death, and glucose mobilization

Front 104

Peroxisomes

Back 104

similar to lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are not produced by the golgi complex. neutralized free radicals and detoxify alcohol and other drugs, and oxidize fatty acids

Front 105

Mitochondria

Back 105

Synthesize ATP. Round, rod-shaped, bean shaped, or threadlike structures with double unit membrane and shelflike infoldings calle crisate

Front 106

matrix

Back 106

contains ribosomes, enzymes in ATP synthesis, and small circular DNA molecules. IN space between cristae

Front 107

Centriole

Back 107

Short cylindrical bodies, each composed of a circle of nie triplets of microtubles. Form mitotic spindle during cell division; unpaired centrioles form basal bodies of cilia and flagella

Front 108

Cytoskeleton

Back 108

is a collection of protein filaments and cylinders that determine the shape of a cell, lend it structural spport, organize its contents, move substances through the cell, and contribute to movements of the cell as a whole.

Front 109

Centrosome

Back 109

clear area near nucleus containing a pair of centrioles. Organizing center for formation of microtubules of cytoskeleton and mitotic spindle

Front 110

Basal Body

Back 110

unpaired centriole at the base of a cilium or flagellum. Point of origin, growth and anchorage of a cilium or flagellum. Produces axoneme

Front 111

Microfillaments

Back 111

thin protein filaments (6nm) in diameter, often in parallel bundles or dense networks in cytoplasm. Support microvilli; invovled in muscle contraction and other cell motility, endocytosis and cell division.

Front 112

Intermediate filaments

Back 112

thicker protein filaments (8-10nm) extending throughout cytoplasm, or concentrated at cell-to cell junctions. give shape a physical support to cell; ancho cells to each other and to extracellular material; compartmentalize cell contents

Front 113

Microtubules

Back 113

hollow protein cylinders (25nm) form axonemes of cilia and flagella, centrioles, basal bodies, and mitotic spindles; enable motility of cell parts; direct organelles and macromolecules to their destinatino within a cell.

Front 114

Inclusion

Back 114

Highly variable fat droplets, glycogen granules, protin crytals, dust, bacteria, viruses; never enclosed in unit membranes. Storage products or other products of cellular metabolism, or foreing matter retained in cytoplasm