Anatomy Chapter 2 Vocab

Front 1

element

Back 1

simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

Front 2

trace elements

Back 2

needed in small amounts in body but still important

Front 3

minerals

Back 3

inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms. mostly Ca and P

Front 4

Isotopes

Back 4

elements differ in number of neutrons therefore atomic mass

Front 5

radioisotopes

Back 5

unstable isotopes

Front 6

radioactivity

Back 6

process of decay

Front 7

ionizing radiation

Back 7

high energy radiatino ejects electrons from atoms, converting atoms to ions. Destroys molecules and produces dangerous free radicals and ions in human tissues.

Front 8

physical half life

Back 8

the time required for 50% of its atoms to decay to a more stable state

Front 9

biological half-life

Back 9

time required for half of it to disappear from the body

Front 10

ions

Back 10

are charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons

Front 11

anion

Back 11

gains electrons acquires a negative charge

Front 12

cation

Back 12

loses electrons acquires a positive charge

Front 13

electrolytes

Back 13

salts that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting eletricity

Front 14

Free Radicals

Back 14

chemical particles with an odd number of electrons

Front 15

antioxident

Back 15

chemical that neutralizes free radicals.

Front 16

Molecules

Back 16

two or more atoms united by a covalent chemical bond

Front 17

compounds

Back 17

two or more different elements

Front 18

isomers

Back 18

molecules wtih identical molecular formulae but different arrangements of their atoms

Front 19

hydrogen

Back 19

weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another.

Front 20

colloid

Back 20

an aqueous mixture of particles that are too large to pass through most selectively permeable membranes but small enough to remain evenly dispersed through the solvent by the thermal motion of solvent particles. protein. scatter light

Front 21

suspension

Back 21

large particles cloudy or opaque. seperate on standing

Front 22

acid

Back 22

proton donar

Front 23

base

Back 23

proton acceptor

Front 24

oxidation

Back 24

is any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy

Front 25

Reduction

Back 25

a chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy

Front 26

oxidizing agent

Back 26

electron acceptor

Front 27

reducing agent

Back 27

electron donar

Front 28

polymerization

Back 28

the joining of monomers to form a polymer

Front 29

dehydration synthesisa

Back 29

a reaction in which two chemical monomers are joined together with water produced as a by-product.

Front 30

hydrolysis

Back 30

water molecule ionizes into OH- and H+. (digestion)

Front 31

monosacharrides

Back 31

glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

Front 32

disacchariseds

Back 32

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Front 33

polysaccharides

Back 33

glycogen, starch, cellulose

Front 34

glycogen

Back 34

energy-storage polysaccharide made by cells of the liver, muscles, uterus, and vagaina

Front 35

starch

Back 35

corresponding energy-storage polysaccharide of plants.

Front 36

Cellulose

Back 36

is structural polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell walls of plants. wood cotton and paper

Front 37

glycolipids and glycoproteins

Back 37

many of the lipid and protein molecules at the external surface of the cell membrane have chains of up to 12 sugars attached to them

Front 38

lipid

Back 38

hydrophobic organic molecule, usually composed only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Front 39

phospholipid

Back 39

in place of one fatty acid, they have a phosphate group, which, in turn, is linked to other functional groups

Front 40

amphiphilic

Back 40

two fatty acid tails on fhte molecule are hydrophobic, but the phosphate head is hydrophilic

Front 41

eicosanoids

Back 41

20 Carbon compounds derived from a fatty acid called arachidonic acid

Front 42

steroid

Back 42

a lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms arranged in four rings

Front 43

element

Back 43

simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

Front 44

trace elements

Back 44

needed in small amounts in body but still important

Front 45

minerals

Back 45

inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms. mostly Ca and P

Front 46

Isotopes

Back 46

elements differ in number of neutrons therefore atomic mass

Front 47

radioisotopes

Back 47

unstable isotopes

Front 48

radioactivity

Back 48

process of decay

Front 49

ionizing radiation

Back 49

high energy radiatino ejects electrons from atoms, converting atoms to ions. Destroys molecules and produces dangerous free radicals and ions in human tissues.

Front 50

physical half life

Back 50

the time required for 50% of its atoms to decay to a more stable state

Front 51

biological half-life

Back 51

time required for half of it to disappear from the body

Front 52

ions

Back 52

are charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons

Front 53

anion

Back 53

gains electrons acquires a negative charge

Front 54

cation

Back 54

loses electrons acquires a positive charge

Front 55

peptide

Back 55

is any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds. formed from dehydration synthesis

Front 56

Enzymes

Back 56

are proteins that function as biological catalysts

Front 57

active sites

Back 57

the region of a protein that binds to a ligand, such as the substrate-binding site of an enzyme or the hormone-binding site of a receptor

Front 58

cofactor

Back 58

non protein part neede for enzymes to function

Front 59

coenzyme

Back 59

are organic cofactors usually derived from water soluble vitamins

Front 60

Nucleotides

Back 60

are organic compounds with three principal components, single or double bond carbon nitrogen ring, monosaccharide, and one or more phosphate groups

Front 61

Adenosine Triphosphate

Back 61

briefly stores energy gained from exergonic reactions such as glucose oxidation and releases it within seconds for physiological work such as polymerization reactions, uscle contraction, and pumping ions through cell membranes

Front 62

phosphorylation

Back 62

carried out by enzymes called kinases (phosphokinases) and is sometimes the switch that turns a metabolic pathway on or off.

Front 63

glycolysis

Back 63

the first stage of glucose oxidation. sugar splitting

Front 64

anerobic fermentation

Back 64

when there is no oxygen for pyruvic acid, turns to lactic acid

Front 65

aerobic respiration

Back 65

when oxygen available breaks down pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water and generates up to 36 or more ATP.

Front 66

Nucleic acids

Back 66

are polymers of nucleotides. larges of them deoxyribonucleic acid DNA

Front 67

DNA

Back 67

constitutes our genes, gives instructions for synthesizing all of the body's proteins and transfers hereditary information from cell to cell when cells divide and from generation to generation when organisms reproduce

Front 68

RNA

Back 68

Carry out those instructions and synthesize the proteins, assembling amino acids in the right order to produce each protein described by DNA