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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Major Elements Found in the Body (name)
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C, H, O, N (96%)
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Oxygen
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H2O, CO2, O2
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Carbon
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organic molecule backbones, CO2, CO
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Hydrogen
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inorganic molecule component, H2O, H+
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Nitrogen
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protein, nucleic acids, nitrogenous wastes
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Minor Elements Found in the Body (name)
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P, I, K, S, Ca, Na, Fe (4%)
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Calcium
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Ca++, in bones and teeth as salts, used in muscle/nerve conduction
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Phosphate
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bones, teeth, ATP, nucleic acids
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Potassium
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K+, nerve/muscle function, major cation inside cells
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Sulfur
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proteins
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Sodium
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Na+, major cation outside cells, critical in nerve/muscle function
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Iodine
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thyroid hormone component
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Iron
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hemoglobin component
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Synthesis/Anabolic Reactions
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A + B = AB
Form bonds |
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Decomposition/Catabolic Reactions
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AB = A + B
Break bonds |
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Oxidized
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Loses electrons, loses H, combines with O2
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Reduced
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Gains electrons
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Oxidation of Glucose/Cellular Respiration (equation)
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C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
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Dehydration Synthesis
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Loss of H2O to combine 2 parts into a larger molecule
EG: amino acid + amino acid = protein sugar + sugar = carbohydrate |
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Hydrolysis
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Addition of H2O across a bond to remove bits from a larger molecule
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Equation for pH
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-log[H+]
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Acidic
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low pH, high [H+], most = 0 on pH scale
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Basic/Alkaline
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high pH, low [H+], most = 14 on the pH scale
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Neutral
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pOH = pH = 7, distilled water
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Carbohydrates
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cellular fuel (form ATP)
polymers of sugar (monomer = monosaccharide) linked by dehydration synthesis |
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Lipids
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Insoluble in water/hyrdophobic
Formed via dehydration synthesis Storage molecules, important in cell membranes |
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Neutral Fats
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triglycerides
3C glycerol backbone 3 fatty acid chains |
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Phospholipids
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modified triglycerides
hydrophilic/polar phosphorus group "head" 3C glycerol backbone hydrophobic/nonpolar fatty acid chain tail |
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Steroids
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flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings
lipid subcategory eg: cholesterol |
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Neutralization Reaction
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Acids and bases are mixed to form water and a salt (the joining of H+ and OH- to form water neutralizes the solution)
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Neutral Fats/Triglycerides
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Fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol (3C) backbone
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Phospholipids
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Modified triglycerides containing a polar phosophorus-containing "head" group, a 3C glycerol backbone, and nonpolar fatty acid tails
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Steroids
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Flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings (eg: cholesterol)
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Carbohydrates
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mono/di/polysaccharides. 1-2% cell mass. Contain C, H, O. Used for energy storage and creation of ATP (cellular fuel).
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Lipids
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Nonsoluble molecules containing C, H, and O (with O in lower proportions). Largely nonpolar.
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Proteins
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10-30% cell mass. Basic structural material of the body. Also acts as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, receptors, and membrane channels. Monomer = amino acid
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Peptide Bond
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Bond between amino acids.
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Macromolecules
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Large, complex proteins containing 100-over 10,000 amino acids
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Primary Structure of Proteins
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Linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.
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Secondary Structure of Proteins
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Chains of amino acids twist or bend upon themselves to form a more complex structure (eg: A helix, B pleated sheet)
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Tertiary Structure
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Further bending and binding upon itself leads to the formation of a globular molecule.
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Quarternary Structure
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Two or more polypeptide change aggregated in a regular manner to form a complex protein.
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Nucleic Acid Components
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Nucleotides, sugar-phosphate backbone, hydrogen bonds between nucleotides
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Nucleotides
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Adenine/Thymine (or Uracil), Cytosine/Guanine
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