Anatomy Chapter 2.

Front 1

Two main cell types in the body.

Back 1

Somatic cells; body cells.

Sex cells; reproductive cells or germ cells.

Front 2

General functions of human body cells.

Back 2

Covering (Ex: Skin)
Lining (Ex: Lining organs)
Storage (Ex: store nutrients)
Movement (Ex: contractile)
Connection
Defense
Communication(Nerve cells)
Reproduction (sex cells)

Front 3

Plasma/Cell Membrane Structure

Back 3

Phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol and proteins (integral and peripheral) and some carbohydrates (externally)

Front 4

Plasma/Cell Membrane Function

Back 4

Contains receptors for communication; forms intercellular connections; acts as physical barrier to enclose cell contents; regulates material movement into and out of the cell.

Front 5

Cytoplasm Structure

Back 5

Contains cytosol, a viscous fluid, and inclusions and organelles.

Front 6

Cytoplasm Function

Back 6

Site of metabolic processes of the cell; store nutrients and dissolved solutes.

Front 7

Cytosol Structure

Back 7

Viscous fluid medium with dissolved solutes (ions, nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other small molecules)

Front 8

Cytosol Function

Back 8

Provides support for organelles; serves as viscous medium through which diffusion occurs.

Front 9

Organelles Structure

Back 9

Membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound structures that have unique funtions and activities.

Front 10

Organelles Function

Back 10

Carry out specific metabolic activities of the cell.

Front 11

Inclusions Structure

Back 11

Store materials

Front 12

Nucleus Structure

Back 12

Surroundes by double membrane nuclear envelope (each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer); contains nucleolus and chromatin.

Front 13

Nucleus Function

Back 13

Acts as cell control center; controls all genetic information (DNA); site of ribosome subunit assembly.

Front 14

Nuclear Envelope Structure

Back 14

Double membrane boundary between cytoplasm and nuclear contents.

Front 15

Nuclear Envelope Funtion

Back 15

Pores in envelope regulate exchange of materials with the cytoplasm.

Front 16

Nuclear Pores Structure

Back 16

Openings through the nuclear envelope

Front 17

Nuclear Pores Function

Back 17

Allow for passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm.

Front 18

Nucleolus (nucleoli) Structure

Back 18

Spherical, dark-staining, dense granular region in the nucleus.

Front 19

Nucleolus (nucleoli) Function

Back 19

Synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomes in the nucleus.

Front 20

Chromatin and Chromosomes Structure

Back 20

Filamentous association of DNA and histone proteins.

Front 21

Chromatin and Chromosomes Function

Back 21

Site of genes in the DNA

Front 22

Smooth Endoplasmic Riticulum Structures

Back 22

Interconnected network of membrane tubules and vesicles; no ribosomes.

Front 23

Smooth Endoplasmic Riticulum Function

Back 23

Synthesizes lipids; metabolizes carbohydrates; detoxifies drugs, alcohol.

Front 24

Rough Endoplasmic Riticulum Structure

Back 24

Flattened intracellular network of membrane sacs called cisternae; ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface.

Front 25

Rough Endoplasmic Riticulum Function

Back 25

Synthesizes proteins for secretion, new proteins for the plasma membrane, and lysosomal enzymes; transports and stores molecules.

Front 26

Golgi Apparatus Structures and Function.

Back 26

• Stacked series of flattened, smooth membrane sacs with associated shuttle vescicles.

• Modifies, packages, and sorts newly synthesized proteins for secretion, inclusion in new plasma membrane, or lysosomal enzyme synthesis.

Front 27

Lysosomes Structure and Lysosomes Function.

Back 27

• Spherical. membrane-walled sacs with digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases.)

• Function in digesting unwanted substances such as excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed bacteria or viruses.

Front 28

Peroxisomes Structure and Peroxisomes Function.

Back 28

• Smaller membrane-walled sacs that contain ezymes especially oxidases and catalases that function in removing toxic peroxides (compound that contains an oxygen-oxygen single bond) from the body.

• Convert hydrogen peroxide formed during metabolism to water.

Front 29

Mitochondria Structure

Back 29

Double membrane structures with cristae; fluid matrix contents at center.

Front 30

Mitochondria Function

Back 30

Synthesize most ATP during cellular respiration; "powerhouse of cell".

Front 31

Ribosomes Structure

Back 31

Dense cytoplasmic granules with two subunits (large and small); may be free in cytoplasm (free ribosomes) or bound to rough ER (fixed ribosomes).

Front 32

Ribosomes Function

Back 32

Synthesize proteins for:
1. Use in the cell (free ribos)
2. Secretion, incorporation into plama membrane, or lysosomes (fixed ribosomes).

Front 33

Cytoskeleton Structure

Back 33

Organized network of protein filaments or hollow tubules throughout the cell

Front 34

Cytoskeleton Function

Back 34

Provides structural support; facilitates cytoplasmic streaming, organelle and cellular motility, transport of materials, and chromosomal movement and cell division.

Front 35

Microfilaments Structure

Back 35

Actin protein monomers formed into filaments

Front 36

Microfilaments Function

Back 36

Maintain cell shape; aid in muscle contraction and intracellular movement; separate dividing cells.

Front 37

Intermediate Filaments Structure

Back 37

Various protein components

Front 38

Intermediate Filaments Function

Back 38

Provide strucural support; stabilize cell junctions.

Front 39

Microtubules Structure

Back 39

Hollow cylinders of tubulin protein; able to lengthen and shorten.

Front 40

Microtubules Function

Back 40

Support cell; hold organelles in place; maintain cell shape and rigidity; direct organelle movement within cell and cell motility as cilia and flagella; move chromosomes at cell division.

Front 41

Centrosome Structure

Back 41

Amorphous region adjacent to nucleus; contains a pair of centrioles.

Front 42

Centrosome Function

Back 42

Organizes microtubules; participates in spindle formation during cell division.

Front 43

Centrioles Structure

Back 43

Paried perpendicular cylindrical bodies; composed of microtubule triplets.

Front 44

Centrioles Function

Back 44

Organize microtubules during cell division for meovement of chromosomes.

Front 45

Cilia Structure

Back 45

Short, membrane-attached projections containing microtubules; occur in large numbers on exposed membrane surfaces.

Front 46

Cilia Function

Back 46

Move fluid, mucus, and materials over the cell surface.

Front 47

Flagellum Structure

Back 47

Long, singular membrane extension containing microtubules.

Front 48

Flagellum Function

Back 48

Propels sperm cells in human male.

Front 49

Microvilli Structure

Back 49

Numerous thin membrane folds projecting from the free cell surface.

Front 50

Microvilli Function

Back 50

Increase membrance surface are for increaded absoption and/or secreation.

Front 51

Cell Division:

1. Interphase

Back 51

A time of normal metabolic activities with no noticeable chane in either the cytoplam or nucleus; cell is not dividing, and chromosomes are not visible by light microscopy.

Front 52

2. G1 Phase

Back 52

First groth phase: Protein sythesis and metabolic activity occur; new organelles are produced; centriole replication begins at end of this phase. (Interphase)

Front 53

3. S Phase

Back 53

Nuclear DNA is replicated (Interphase)

Front 54

4. G2 Phase

Back 54

Second growth phase: Brief growth period for production of cell division enzymes; centriole replication finishes; organelle replication continues. (Interphase)

Front 55

5. Mitotic Phase

Back 55

Nuclear and cytoplasmic events produce two identical daughter cells from one parent cell.

Front 56

Cell Division:

Mitosis

Back 56

Division of the nucleus: Continuous series of nuclear events that distribute two sets of chromosomes into two daughter nuclei.

Front 57

1. Prophase

Back 57

Chromatin threads appear due to coiling and condensation; elongated duplicated chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids become visible. Nuclear envelope disappears at the end of this stage. Nucleolus disappears. Microtubules begin to form mitotic spindle. Centrioles move toward opposing cell poles.

Front 58

2. Metaphase

Back 58

Chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate of the cell. Microtubules from the mitotic spindle attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes from the centrioles.

Front 59

3. Anaphase

Back 59

Centromeres that held sister chromatid pairs together separate; they are now single-stranded chromosomes identical pairs of single-stranded chromosomes are pulled toward opposite ends of the cell.

Front 60

4. Telophase

Back 60

Chromosomes arrive at cell poles and stop moving. Nuclear envelope reappears, mitotic spindle disintegrates, chromosomes disappear and become thin chromatin threads within boundary of the new nuclear envelope. Nucleoli reappear.

Front 61

5. Cytokinesis

Back 61

Completes the division into two daughter cells.

Usually begins before telophase ends; cleavage furrow is formed from a contractile ring of microfilaments; cytoplasm divides, completing the formation of two daughter cells.

Front 62

How many different types of cells in the human body?

Back 62

Approximately 200

Front 63

The human body contains how many cell?

Back 63

About 75 trillion

Front 64

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 64

Requires the participation of specific transport proteins that help specific substances move across the plasma membrane. Either large molecules or molecules that are insoluble in lipids. Examples would be glucose and some amino acids.

Front 65

Exocytosis

Back 65

How larger molecules or bulk structures move across the membrane via this active transport process.

Front 66

Endocytosis

Back 66

A process where cells absorb material (molecules such as proteins) from the outside by engulfing it with their cell membrane.

Front 67

Three types of Endocytosis.

Back 67

• Phagocytosis; cell eating (the process of cells ingesting larg objects such as bacteria or viruses.)
• Pinocytosis; cell drinking (uptake of solutes and single molecules, such as proteins.)
• Receptor-mediated endocytosis; a more specific active event where the cytoplasm membrane folds inward to form coated pits.

Front 68

Passive Transport

Back 68

Movement of substance along a concentration gradient; ATP not required. Includes Simple Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion, Bulk Filtration.

Front 69

Simple Diffusion

Back 69

Unaided net movement of a substance due to molecular motion down its concentration gradient across selectively permeable membrane; continues until equilibrium is reached. A type of passive transport utilizing molecular movement as its energy source.

Front 70

Active Transport

Back 70

Movement of substances AGAINST a concetration gradient; requires ATP; requires assistance to move across the membrane often by a transport protein and sometimes by bulk movement in vesicles. Includes Ion pumps, bulk transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Front 71

Ion Pumps

Back 71

Transport of ions across the membrane against a concentration gradient by transmembrane protein pumps. Type of active transport requiring ATP.