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487 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why do u need to study chemistry in anatomy?
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bc your body is composed of tons of chemicals
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What is matter?
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is anything that occupies space and has mass
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NAME
is anything that occupies space and has mass |
matter
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Matter can exist in (1), (2), or (3)
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(1)liquid (2)gas (3)solid
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Compared w matter, energy is (1)
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less tangible
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T or F
energy has mass and takes up space |
flase
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What is energy?
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is the capacity to do work
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NAME
is the capacity to do work |
energy
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What is kinetic energy?
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is the energy of motion
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NAME
is the energy of motion |
kinetic energy
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What is potiental energy?
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is stored energy
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NAME
is stored energy |
potiental energy
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What are the differ forms of energy? (4)
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(1)chemical energy (2)electrical energy (3)mechinical (4)radiant energy
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What is chemical energy?
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is in energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances
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NAME
is energy stored in bonds of chemical substances |
chemical energy
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T or F
food fuels can be used to energize body activities directly |
false
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What does ATP stand for?
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Adenoisine triphosphate
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What is electrical energy?
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results from the movement of charged particles
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NAME
energy resulting from the movement of charged particles |
electrical energy
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What is mechinical energy?
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is energy directly involved in moving matter
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NAME
is energy directly involved in moving matter |
mechinical energy
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Radiant energy is also called (1)
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electromagentic energy
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(1) is also called electromagenitic energy
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Radiant energy
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What is radiant energy?
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is energy that travels in waves
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NAME
is energy that travels in waves |
radiant energy
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When energy is converted, (1)
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heat is lossed
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All matter is composed of (1)
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elements
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All (1) is composed of elements
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matter
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What is an element?
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substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordiniary methods
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NAME
are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordiniary methods |
element
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How many elements are there?
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112
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How many elements ocur in nature?
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92
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What are the four elements that make up 96% of body wieght?
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Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
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NAME
are the buiding blocks |
atoms
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Each element is unique in (1) and (2) properties
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(1)chemical (2)physical
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What are physical properties?
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are those that we can detect w our senses
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NAME
are those that we can detect w our senses |
physical properties
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What are chemical properties?
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is the way that atoms interact w other atoms
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NAME
is the way that atoms interact w other atoms |
chemical properties
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What does the word atom come from?
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the greek word meaning indivisible
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How much do protons and nuetrons weigh?
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about the same - 1 amu
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What does amu stand for?
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atomic mass unit
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(1) is entirely dense and accounts for nearly the entire mass of the atom
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nucleus
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All atoms are eletrically (1)
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nuetral
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Why are all atoms eletrically neutral?
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bc the number of protons and electrons are normally equally
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What is a planetary model?
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model of the atomic structure
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NAME
is the model of the atomic structure |
planetary model
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T or F
can determine the exact location of the electrons |
False
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What is orbitals?
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regions around the nucleus in which the given electron or electron pair are likley to be found
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NAME
are regions around the nucleus in which the given electron or electron pair are likely to be found |
orbitals
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What is orbital model?
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is useful for predicting the chemical behhavior of atoms
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NAME
is useful for predicting the chemcial behavior of atoms |
orbital model
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Most of the vol an atom is (1)and nearly all of its mass is located in the (2)
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empty space (2)nucleus
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Atoms of different elements are composed of different (1), (2),and (3)
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(1)p (2)e (3)n
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What is the atomic number?
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number of protons
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NAME
is the number of protons |
atomic number
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What is the mass number?
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is the number of p + n
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NAME
is p + n |
mass number
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4 HE
2 How many protons are there? electrons? and mass numeber? |
4=mass number
2= protons and electrons |
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What are istopes?
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elements that have the same number of protons but differ numbers of nuetrons
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NAME
elements that have the same number of protons but differ number of neutrons |
istopes
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What are the most abundant istopes of Carbon?
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12C, 13C, and 14 C
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What is atomic wieght?
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is an average of the relative weights of all istopes in an element
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NAME
is an average of the relative weights of all istopes in an element |
atomic wieght
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The heavier istopes of many elements are (1)and (2)
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unstable (2)their atoms decompose spontaneously into more stable forms
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What is radioactivity?
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this process of atomic decay
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NAME
is the process of atomic decay |
radioactivity
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NAME
are istopes that exhibit radioactivity behavior |
radioistopes
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What are radioistopes?
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are istopes that exhibit radioactivity behavior
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the disintegration of radioactive nucleus may be compared to any tiny explosion. Explain when/how it ocurs
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alpha, beta, and /or gamma rays are ejected from the nucleus
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The time required for radioistopes to lose one-half of their activity is called (1)
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half-life
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How are radioistopes useflly for medical purposes?
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for diagnosis and to localize and elminate damaged or cancerous tissues
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What is iodine-13 used for?
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to detect for thyroid cancer
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NAME
is used to detect thyriod cancer |
iodine-13
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What is one disadvantage of radioactivity?
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they all damage living tissue
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(1) emission has the lowest penetration power and is the least damaging
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Alpha
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(1) emission has the greatest penetrating power
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Gamma
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T or F
most atoms do not exist in a free state |
True
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What is a molecule?
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is two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond
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NAME
is two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond |
molecule
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When two oxygen combine, a (1) of oxygen is formed
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molecule
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What is compound?
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when two or more different kinds of atoms bind
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NAME
are when two or more different kinds of atoms bind |
compound
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What are mixtures?
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are substances composed of two or more componenets physically intermixed
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NAME
are substances composed of two or more componenents physically intermixed |
mixtures
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What are the three types of mixtures?(3)
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(1)solutions (2)colloids (3)suspensions
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What is a solution?
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are homogenous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids
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NAME
are homogenous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids |
solution
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What is a solvent?
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if the substance present in the greatest amount
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NAME
if the substance present in the greatest |
solvent
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Solvents are usally (1)
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liquids
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What are solutes?
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are substances present in smaller amounts
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NAME
are substances present in smaller amount |
solutes
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Water is the body's (1)
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chief solvent
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NAME
is the body's cheif solvent |
water
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T or F
most solutions in the body are true solution |
True
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True solutions are usally (1)
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transparent
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Solutions used in a college lab or hospital are often described in terms of (1) of tthe solute in the solution
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percent
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What is molarity?
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moles per liter
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NAME
refers to moles per liter |
molarity
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Another way to express the concentration of a solution of a solution in terms of (1)
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molarity
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A (1) of any element or compound its (2)
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(1)mole (2)atomic wieght
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T or F
a mole of any element or compound is equal to tis atomic wieght weighed out in grams |
True
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What is Avoagadros number?
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6.02 *10^23
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What are colloids?
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areheterogeneous mixtures that often appear transluccent or milky
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NAME
are heterogeneous mixtures that often appear translucent or milky |
Colloids
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What are sol-gel transformations?
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to change reversibly from a fluid state to a more solid state
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NAME
to change reversibly from a fluid state to a more solid state |
sol-gel transformations
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Give ex of a sol-gel transformation?
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jell-O or any gelatin product
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NAME
ex is a jell-o or any gelatin product |
sol-gel transformation
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What are suspensions?
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are heterogeneous mixtures w large, often visble soltues that tend to settle out
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NAME
are heterogenous mixtures w large, often visible solutes thattend to settle out |
suspensions
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Give a ex of suspensions?
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of sand and water and (2)blood
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NAME
exs include sand water and blood |
suspensions
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T or F
all living types of mixtures are found in both living and nonliving systems |
True
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What are three ways that mixtures differ from compounds?
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(1)the chief difference is that there are no chemical bonds in mixtures (2)depending on the mixtures, its components can be separted by physcially means and compounds can only be seperated by chemical means (3)Some mixtures are homogeneous whereas other are heterogenous mixtures,and pure compounds are homogeneous
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What is a chemical bond?
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it is a energy relationship btwn the electrons of the reacting atoms
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NAME
it is an energy relationship btwn the electrons of the reacting atoms |
chemical bond
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What are electron shells?
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regions of space in which electrons are ocupied
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NAME
are regions of space in which electrons ocupy |
electron shell
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Each electron shell represents a different (1)
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energy level
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Each (1) represents a different energy level
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electron shell
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What does the amount of poteintal energy depend on?
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the energy level
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The amount of (1) depends on the energy level
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potential energy
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Why do electrons the furtherest away from the nucelus have the greatest potiental energy and are more likely to interact chemically w other atoms?
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bc attraction btwn the + charge nucleus and - charged electrons is greatest closest to the nucleus and falls off w increasing distance
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Each shell can only hold (1) electrons
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2
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Which electrons are the most important?
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those in the outer shell
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What is the valence shell?
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indicates an atom's outermost energy level
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NAME
indicates an atom's outermost energy level or that portion of it containing the electrons that are chemically reactive |
valance shell
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Except for shell 1, the shells follow the (1)
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octet rule
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What are the three major types of chemical bonds?
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(1)ionic (2)covalent (3)hydrogen
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What is a ion?
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a charge particle
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NAME
is a charged particle |
ion
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What is a ionic bond?
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is a chemical bond btwn atoms formed by the transfer of one or more eletrons from one atom to the other
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NAME
is a chemical bond btwn atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other |
ionic bond
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What is anion?
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is the electron acceptor that has a negative charge
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What is an e acceptor?
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the atom that gains electrons
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NAME
is that atom that gains one ore more electrons |
acceptor
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NAME
is the electron acceptor w a negative charge |
anion
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What is a cation?
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is the electron donor that has a postive charge
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NAME
is the electron donor that has a postive charge |
cation
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What is a electron donor?
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the atom that loses a electron and gains a postive charge
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NAME
is a atom taht loses a electron and gains a postive charge |
electron donor
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Give a ex of ionic bond
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NaCl
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Most ionic compounds are (1)
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salts
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Ionic bonds such as salts are normoally in the form of (1)
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crystals
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What are crystals?
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are large arrays of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds
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NAME
are large arrays of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds |
crystals
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What are covalent bonds?
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bonds formed by the sharing of two Electrons
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NAME
bond formed by the sharing of two electrons |
covalent bonds
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What are nonpolar molecules?
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eletrically balanced molecules
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NAME
are electrically balanced molecules |
nonpolar molecules
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What are polar molecules?
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molecules w in unequal electron pair sharing
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NAME
are molecules w in unequal electron pair sharing |
polar molecules
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What is electronegativity?
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the ability to attract elcetrons
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NAME
is the abilty to attract electrons |
eletronegativity
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Most atoms w only one or two valence shells tend to be (1)
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electropostive
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Most atoms w only (1) valence shells tend to be electropostive
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one or two
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What is electropostive?
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mean their electron-attracting ability is so low that they usally lose their valance shell electrons to other atoms
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NAME
means that their electron-attracting ability is so low that they usally lose their valence shell electrons to other atoms |
electropostive
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dipole refers to a (1)
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polar molecule
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Hydrogen bonding is common btwn (1)
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dipoles such as water molecules
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(1) bonding is common btwn dipoles such as water molecules
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Hydrogen
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Wy is hyrdogen bonding common in water molecules?
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bc the slightly negative charge of oxygen atoms attracts the sligthly postive hydrogen atom of other molecules
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What is surface tension?
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is the tendecny of water molecules to cling together and form films
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NAME
is the tendency of water molecules to cling together and form film |
surface tension
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T or F
all particles of matter are in constant motion bc of kinetic energy |
True
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What is a chemical reaction?
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ocurs when ever chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken
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NAME
ocurs when ever chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken |
chemical reaction
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What are the reactants?
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the begining products of a chemical reaction
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What are the products?
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are the end products of the chemical reaction
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What is syntesis reaction?
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is when atoms or molecules combine to form a more complex molecule
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NAME
is when atoms or molecules combine to form a more complex molecule |
synthesis reaction
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Synthesis reactions are the basis of constructive (1) reactions
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anabolic
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What is a decompostion reaction?
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when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules
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NAME
is when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules |
decompostion reaction
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(1) is also called displacement reaction
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exchange
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Exchange reaction is also called displacement reaction
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exchange
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What is a displacement reaction?
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when bonds are both broken and formed
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NAME
is a reactin in which bonds are both broken and formed |
displacement reaction
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An (1) reaction ocurs when ATP reacts w glucose and transfers its end phosphate group
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exchange
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An exchange reaction ocurs when (1)
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ATP reacts w glucose and transfers its end phosphate group
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(1) are the basis of all reactions in which food fuels are catbolized for energy
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redox reactions
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redox reactions are the basis of allr reactions in which (1) are catablized for (2)
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(1)food fuels (2)energy
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What is oxidation?
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is the reactant losing the electron
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NAME
is the reactant losing the eletron |
oxidation
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NAME
if the reactant is an electron donor |
oxidation
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What is reduction?
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is reactant taking up the extra electron
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NAME
is the reactant taking up the extra electron |
reduction
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NAME
if the rectant is the electron acceptor |
reduction
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T or F
all redox reaction involve complete transfer of electrons |
False
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What is the formula for cellular respiration?
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C6H12O6 +6O2= 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
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What are exergonic reactions?
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are reactions that release energy
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NAME
are reactions that release energy |
exergonic reactions
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What are endergonic reactions?
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is when the reaction's products absorb energy
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NAME
are reactions in which the products are absorb energy |
endergonic reactions
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Do endergonic or exergoinc reactions have more potenital energy?
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endergonic
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DO endergonic or exergonic reactions lose the most energy in their products?
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exergoinic
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(1) reactions are typically energy-absorbing endergonic reactions
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anabolic
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Are all chemical reactions theoretically reversible?
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yes
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T or F
neither the foward reaction nor the reverse reaction is dominant |
TRUE
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What is chemcial elqubrim?
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when their is no net change
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NAME
is when there is no net change in a chemcial reaction |
chemical elquilbrium
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Do reactions tend to be reversible?
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no
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Give ex of a reaction that hardly ever is reversible?
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cellular resipiration
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For atoms and molecules to react chemically, what most happen?
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they most collide w enough force to overcome the repulsion btwn their electrons
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What happens when atoms and moleules collide w enough force to overcome the repulsion btwn their electrons?
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they react chemically
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Chemical reactions produce (1) w higher temperatures
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quicker
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What are four factors that can speed up a chemical reaction? (4)
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(1)temperature (2)conecntration (3)particle size (4)catalysts
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What happens to a chemical reaction if there is a high presence of reacting particles?
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the chemical reaciton speeds up
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How does particle size influence a chemical reaction?
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smaller particles move faster than larger ones and tend to collide more frequently and more forcefully
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What are catalysts?
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are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions w out themselves becoming chemcially changed or part of the product
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NAME
are substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions w out themselves becoming chemically changed or part of the product |
catalysts
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What are enzymes?
|
are biological catalyst
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NAME
are biological catalysts |
enzymes
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What is biochemistry?
|
is the study of the chemical compostion and reactions of living matter
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NAME
is the study of the chemical compostion and reactions of living matter |
biochemistry
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What are organic compounds?
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compounds containing carbon
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NAME
are compounds containing carbon |
organic compounds
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All organic compounds are (1)
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covalently bounded
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All (1) compounds are covalently bonded
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organic compounds
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water, salts, and many acids and bases are ex(s) of (1) compounds
|
inorganic
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NAME
is the most abundant and important inorganic compound in living material |
water
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What are the (5) properties of water?
|
(1)high heat capacity (2)high heat of vaporization (3)polar solvent properties (4)reactivity (5)cushioning
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What does it mean that water has a high heat capacity?
|
means that it absorbs and relases large amounts of heat w out changing the temp its self
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Water's (1) prevents sudden changes in temperature caused by external factors
|
high heat capacity
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Water's (1) is highly benefictial when we sweat bc as the prespiration evaporates from our skin, large amounts of heat are removed from the body, providing a effective cooling mechanism
|
high heat of vaporization
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Why is water's high heat of vaporization so beneficital to the human body?
|
bc when we sweat bc as the prespiration evaporates from our skin, large amounts of heat are removed from the body, providing a effective cooling mechanism
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NAME
is the universal solvent |
water
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T or F
virtuall all chemical reactions occuring in the body depend on water |
True
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ionic compounds and other small reactive molecules (1) in water
|
dissociate
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(1) compounds dissociate in water
|
ionic
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Water can form (1)around large charged molecules such as protiens
|
hydration layers
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What is a hydration layer?
|
is when water forms a shield around large molecules like proteins protecting them from the effects of other charged substances and preventing them from settling out of the solution
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NAME
is when water forms a shield around large molecules like proteins protecting them from the effects of other charged substances and preventing them from settling out of the solution |
hydration layer
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What are biolgical colloids?
|
are protien water mixtures in which the protein is surrounded by a hydration layer
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NAME
are protien water mixtures in which the protien is surrounded by a hydrogen layer |
biological colloids
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What are some exs of biolgical colloids? (2)
|
(1)cerebrospinal fluid (2)blood
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Cerebrospinal fluid and blood are exs of (1)
|
colloids
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What does hydrolysis reaction mean?
|
means water spilting
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NAME
means water spilting |
hydrolysis
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What is dehydration synthesis?
|
is when a water molecule is removed for every bond formed
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NAME
is when a water molecule is removed from every bond formed |
dehydration synthesis
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What is hydrolysis reaction?
|
is when a water molecule is added a bond is broken
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NAME
is when a water molecules is added a bond is broken |
hydrolysis reaction
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How is water's ability for chusioning important?
|
helps protect the body from physcial trauma
|
|
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Water can form a resilient (1) around certain body organs, helping protect them during physcial trauma
|
cushion
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What is a salt?
|
is ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and OH
|
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NAME
is an ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and OH |
salt
|
|
|
All ions are (1)
|
electrolytes
|
|
|
All (1) are electrolytes
|
ions
|
|
|
What are electrolytes?
|
substances that conduct electrical current in a solution
|
|
|
NAME
are substances that conduct electrical current in a solution |
electrolytes
|
|
|
Maintaning proper (1) balance in our body fluids is one of the more crucial homeostatic roles of the kindeys
|
ionic
|
|
|
Maintaning proper ionic balance in our body fluids is one of the more crucial homeostatic roles of the (1)
|
kidneys
|
|
|
What happens when the body's ionic balance is disturbed?
|
nothing works
|
|
|
NAME
have a sour taste and can react w many metals |
acids
|
|
|
What do acids taste like?
|
sour
|
|
|
Acids can react w (1)
|
many metals
|
|
|
What is a acid?
|
is a proton donor that releases H+ ions when placed in water
|
|
|
NAME
is a proton donor that releases H+ ions when placed in water |
acid
|
|
|
NAME
is a proton acceptor that releases HO ions when placed in water |
base
|
|
|
What is base?
|
is a electron acceptor that releases OH ions when placed in water
|
|
|
What do bases taste like?
|
bitter
|
|
|
NAME
have a bitter taste and slipperly |
base
|
|
|
Give two important ex of bases (2)
|
(1)HCO3- (2)NH3
|
|
|
HCO3- and NH3 are exs of important (1) in the body
|
bases
|
|
|
HCO3 stands for (1)
|
bicarbonate ion
|
|
|
NH3 stands for (1)
|
ammonia
|
|
|
What is HCO3-?
|
is an important base in the body that is abundant in the blood
|
|
|
NAME
is an important base in the body that is abundant in the blood |
HCO3
|
|
|
NAME
is a common waste product of protien break down in the body |
NH3
|
|
|
What is NH3?
|
is a common waste product of protien break down in the body
|
|
|
when a solution acidic?
|
when there is more H ions than OH
|
|
|
When is a soltion basic?
|
when there is more OH ions than H
|
|
|
Basic can also be called (1)
|
alkaline
|
|
|
(1) can also be called alkaline
|
Basic
|
|
|
The relative concentration of H ions in various body fluids is measured in concentration units called (1)
|
pH units
|
|
|
if it has ph lower than 7 it is (1)
|
acidic
|
|
|
if it has a ph higher than 7 it is (1)
|
basic
|
|
|
What is the pH of pure water?
|
7
|
|
|
if it has a pH of 7, what is it?
|
pure water
|
|
|
What happens when two strong bases and strong acids react?
|
they form water and salt
|
|
|
IF the by product of the reaction is water and salt, what are most likely the reactants?
|
a strong acid and a strong base
|
|
|
NAME
is the joining of H+ and OH+ to form water that neutralizes the solution |
neutralization reaction
|
|
|
T or F
living cells are very senstative to changes in pH |
True
|
|
|
Homeostatis of acid-base balance is carfully regulated by the (1) and (2) and (3)
|
(1) kindeys (2)lungs (3)buffers
|
|
|
Homeostatis of (1) balance is carefully regulated by the kindeys, lungs, and buffers
|
acid-base
|
|
|
What are buffers?
|
resist aprubt and large swings in the pH of body fluids by releasing H ions
|
|
|
NAME
resist aprubt and large swings in the pH of body fluids by releasing H ions |
buffers
|
|
|
What are strong acids?
|
are acids that dissocaiate completely and irreversivly in water
|
|
|
NAME
are acids that dissocaite completely and irreversivbly in water |
strong acids
|
|
|
NAME
are bases that dissocaite completely and irreversivbly in water |
strong bases
|
|
|
What are strong bases?
|
are bases that dissocaite completely and irreversivbly in water
|
|
|
What are weak acids?
|
are acids that do not dissociate completly in water
|
|
|
NAME
are acids that do not dissociate completly in water |
weak acids
|
|
|
NAME
are bases that do not dissociate completly in water |
weak bases
|
|
|
What are weak bases?
|
are bases that do not dissociate completly in water
|
|
|
Give a ex of a very importatn buffer in the body?
|
carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
|
|
|
NAME
a ex is the carbonic acid-bicarbonarte sytstem |
buffer
|
|
|
(1) bases are replaced by (1)bases and the same goes for acids
|
(1)strong (2)weak
|
|
|
is Cabron dioxide a organic comound?
|
no
|
|
|
What is a consquence of carbon being electroneutral?
|
by it never loses or gain electrons, it always shares them
|
|
|
Carbon is (1)
|
electronuetral
|
|
|
(1) is electroneurtal
|
carbon
|
|
|
What are carbs?
|
is sugar and starch
|
|
|
NAME
is sugar and starch |
carbs
|
|
|
What is the the formula for carbs?
|
CH2O (2:1 ration
|
|
|
CH2O is a (1)
|
carb
|
|
|
C2H4O2 is a (1)
|
carb
|
|
|
carbs are refered to as (1)
|
monosaccrides
|
|
|
(1) are refered to as monosaccrides
|
carbs
|
|
|
disaccharides means (1)
|
two sugars
|
|
|
monosaccharides means (1)
|
one sugar
|
|
|
polysaccharides means (1)
|
many sugars
|
|
|
(1) means many sugars
|
polysaccharides
|
|
|
What pentose?
|
a 5 carbon sugar
|
|
|
NAME
is a five carbon sugar |
pentose
|
|
|
NAME
is a 6 carbon sugar |
hexose
|
|
|
What is hexose?
|
a 6 carbon sugar
|
|
|
galactose and frutose are (1)
|
isomers
|
|
|
Give a ex of isomers
|
glactose and frutose
|
|
|
What is a isomer?
|
is when they have the same molecular fomurla but their atoms are arranged differently giving them different chemical properties
|
|
|
NAME
when they have the same molecular fomurla but their atoms are arranged differently giving them different chemical properties |
isomer
|
|
|
NAME
is two monosacrides joined togher by dehydration synthesis |
disarrharides
|
|
|
disarrharides are (1) joined together by (2)
|
(1)two monosacrides (2)dehydration synthesis
|
|
|
What are some important disaccharides in our diet? (3)
|
(1)sucrose (2)lactose (3)maltose
|
|
|
Sucrose, lactose, and maltose are exs of (1)
|
disaccharides
|
|
|
What is sucrose?
|
table sugar
|
|
|
NAME
is table sugar |
sucrose
|
|
|
NAME
is a sugar found in milk |
lactose
|
|
|
What is lactose?
|
is a sugar found in milk
|
|
|
NAME
is malt sugar |
maltose
|
|
|
What is sucrose made of?
|
glucose and frutose
|
|
|
NAME
is glucose and frutose |
sucrose
|
|
|
NAME
is glucose and galactose |
lactose
|
|
|
NAME
is glucose and glucose |
maltose
|
|
|
What are the two sugars that make up maltose?
|
glucose and glucose
|
|
|
What are the two sugars that make up lactose?
|
glucose and galactose
|
|
|
(1) must be digested into simple sugars in order to be absorbed in the blood
|
disaccharides
|
|
|
What is polysaccharides?
|
are long chains of simple sugars linked together by dehydration syntehisis
|
|
|
NAME
are long chains of simple sugars linked together by dehyradtion synthesis |
polysaccharides
|
|
|
What are polymers?
|
are long chains of polysaccrides
|
|
|
NAME
are long chains of polysaccrides |
polymers
|
|
|
polysaccharides are (1) products
|
ideal storage
|
|
|
NAME
are ideal storage products |
polysaccharides
|
|
|
What are two important polysaccharides in the body?
|
(1)strach (2)glycogen
|
|
|
starch and glycogen are two important (1) in the body
|
polysaccharides
|
|
|
What is starch?
|
is the storage carb formed by plants
|
|
|
NAME
is the storage carb formed by plants |
starch
|
|
|
What things can u find starch in?
|
pototoes and grain products
|
|
|
NAME
pototoes and grain products are rich in this |
strach
|
|
|
What is Glycogen?
|
is the storage carb of animal tissues
|
|
|
NAME
is the storage carb of animal tissues |
Glycogen
|
|
|
Can u digest cellulose?
|
no
|
|
|
Why is cellulose in bulk important?
|
bc its fiber can be used to move feces through the colon
|
|
|
What are lipids?
|
are insoulbe in water but dissolve readily in other lipids and solvents
|
|
|
NAME
are insouble in water but dissolve readily in other lipids and solvents such as alocholol and ether |
lipids
|
|
|
What are the differ types of lipids? (3)
|
(1)neutral fats (2)phospholipids (3)steriods
|
|
|
What makes up a fat?
|
(1)3 fatty acids (2)glcyerol
|
|
|
NAME
it has 3 fatty acids and glycerol |
fat
|
|
|
What is fatty acid?
|
are linear chains of Carbon and Hydrogen w an organic group
|
|
|
NAME
are linear chains of Carbon and Hydrogen w in organic group formed by dehydration synthesis |
fatty acid
|
|
|
NAME
is a modifed simple sugar |
Glycerol
|
|
|
What is glycerol>
|
is a modifed simple sugar
|
|
|
How are fats put together?
|
dehyrdartion synthesis
|
|
|
neutral fats are also called (1) or (2)
|
(1)triglycerides (2)triacylglycerols
|
|
|
Deposits of fat are found mainly (1) where they (2)
|
(1)beneath the skin (2)insulate the deeper tissues from heat loss and protect them from mechanical trauma
|
|
|
NAME
are found mainly beneath the skin where they insualte the deeper tissues from heat loss and protect them from mechanical stress |
neutral fats
|
|
|
What is saturated fats?
|
fatty acid chains w only singe covalent bonds btwn the carbon atoms
|
|
|
NAME
are fatty acid chains w only single covalent bonds bwtn the carbon atoms |
saturated fats
|
|
|
What are unsaturated fats?
|
are fatty acid chains that contain one or more double bonds btwn the carbon atoms
|
|
|
NAME
are fatty acid chains that contain one or more double bonds btwn the carbon atoms |
unsaturated fats
|
|
|
What are some exs of unsaturated fats?
|
oils
|
|
|
NAME
a ex is oil like olive oil and peanut oil |
unsaturated fats
|
|
|
Unsatured fats are (1) at room temp
|
liquid
|
|
|
Saturated fats are (1) at room temp
|
solid
|
|
|
(1) fats are liquid at room temp
|
unsaturated
|
|
|
(1) fats are solids at room temp
|
saturated
|
|
|
NAME
exs include butter and animal fat |
saturated fats
|
|
|
What are exs of saturated fats?
|
butter
|
|
|
What are phopholipids?
|
are modified trigylcerates
|
|
|
NAME
are modifed trigylerates |
phospholipids
|
|
|
What does amphipathic mean?
|
are molecules that have both polar and nonpolar regions
|
|
|
NAME
are molecules that have both polar and nonpolar regions |
amphipathic
|
|
|
What are steroids?
|
are flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings
|
|
|
NAME
are flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings |
steriods
|
|
|
What is the single most important sterioid?
|
cholestral
|
|
|
NAME
exs include cholestral |
steriod
|
|
|
What are eixosanoids?
|
are diverse lipids chiefly derived from a 20 carbon fatty acid found in all cell membranes
|
|
|
NAME
are diverse lipids cheifly derived from a 20 carbon fatty acid found in all cell membranes |
eixosanoids
|
|
|
Why are eixosanoids (including prostaglandins) important?
|
bc they play roles in various body processes like blood clotting, inflammation, and labor contractions
|
|
|
NAME
these are important bc they play roles in various body processes like blood clotting, inflammation and labor |
eixosanoids
|
|
|
T or F
all protiens are constructional material |
False
|
|
|
All protiens contain (1), (2), (3),and (4)
|
C, O, H, and N
|
|
|
NAME
are buidling blocks of protiens |
amino acids
|
|
|
What are amino acids ?
|
the building blocks of protiens
|
|
|
How many amino acids are there?
|
20
|
|
|
What is a amino acid made up of? (3)
|
a (1)R group (2)amino group (3)carboxyl group
|
|
|
NAME
are long chains of amino acids joined by dehydration synthesis with the amino acid end linked to the next amino acid end |
peptide bonds
|
|
|
What holds differ protiens together?
|
peptide bond
|
|
|
Most protiens are (1)
|
marcomolecules
|
|
|
Most (1) are marcomolecules
|
protiens
|
|
|
What is the apla helix?
|
resemebles a toy or the coils of a phonecord
|
|
|
NAME
resemebles a toy or the coils of a phonecord |
apha helix
|
|
|
What is beta pleated sheet?
|
is the primary polypeptide chains that do not coil but are linked side by side by H bonds to form a pleated sheet
|
|
|
NAME
is the primary polypeptide chains that do not coil but are linked together by H bonds to form a pleated sheet |
beta pleated sheet
|
|
|
NAME
this structure is alpha helix and the beta pleated sheets folded to together to form a globular molecule |
tertiary structure
|
|
|
What is a tertiary strucutre?
|
this structure is alpha helix and the beta pleated sheets folded to together to form a globular molecule
|
|
|
What is the primary structure?
|
is the polypeptide strand
|
|
|
NAME
is the polypeptide strand |
primary structure
|
|
|
NAME
is teh alpha helix and beta pleated sheets |
secoundary structure
|
|
|
What is the secoundary structure?
|
is the aplha helix and beat pleated sheets
|
|
|
What is the quaternary structure?
|
is two or more polypepetide chains
|
|
|
NAME
is two or more polypepetide chains |
quaternary structure
|
|
|
What are the differ levels of the protien in order(3)?
|
(1)primary (2)secoundary (3)quaternary
|
|
|
WHat are fibrous protiens?
|
are extended and strandlike protiens
|
|
|
NAME
are extended and strandlike protiens |
fibrous protiens
|
|
|
What are some ex of fibrous protiens? (3)
|
(1)collagen (2)kertain (3)elastin
|
|
|
NAME
collagen, kertain, and elastin are exs of this |
fibrous protiens
|
|
|
fibrous protiens are also known as (1) bc they are the cheif building materials of the body
|
strucural protiens
|
|
|
(1) protiens are also called structural protiens bc they are the chief building material of the body
|
fibrous protiens
|
|
|
NAME
exhibit only secoundary structure and some only qauetranry structure |
fibrous protiens
|
|
|
NAME
are compact, spherical protiens that have a least tertiary structure |
Globular protiens
|
|
|
What are globular protiens
|
are compact, spherical protiens
|
|
|
Globular protiens are also called (1)
|
functional protiens
|
|
|
(1) protiens are also called functional protiens
|
globular
|
|
|
NAME
some of these protiens help provide immunity, others are cataylsts. |
globular protiens
|
|
|
Which are stable protiens:fibrous or globular?
|
fibrous
|
|
|
Which are unstable protiens:fibrous or globular?
|
globular
|
|
|
H bonds btwn down whent the (1)or 2), causing the protiens to denature
|
(1)ph drops (2)temp rises
|
|
|
What is denatured mean?
|
refers to when a protien unfolds and loses their specfic 3D shape
|
|
|
NAME
refers to when a protien unfolds and loses thier specfic 3D shape |
denatured
|
|
|
Why do protien denature when the temp increases, or the pH drops?
|
bc that causes the Hydrogen bonds to break
|
|
|
is the process of a protien being denatured reversible?
|
in most cases
|
|
|
Protiens function depends on a protiens (1)
|
active site
|
|
|
What is the active site?
|
where the substrate binds to the protien
|
|
|
NAME
is the place where a substrate binds to the protien |
active site
|
|
|
What two types of protiens are always involved in the normal functionings of the cell?
|
(1)molecular chaperones (2)enzymes
|
|
|
What are molecular chaperones?
|
is a class of unrelated globular protiens found in all cells
|
|
|
NAME
is a class of unrelated globular protiens found in all cells |
molecular chaperones
|
|
|
Molecular chaperones are also called (1)
|
chaperonins
|
|
|
(1) are also called chaperonins
|
molecular chaperones
|
|
|
What are some of the four specfic functions that are molecular chaperonins performes? (4)
|
(1)prevent accidental, premature, or incorrect folding of the polypeptide chains (2)aid the desired folding and assocation process (3)help to translocate protiens and certain metal ions across the membrane (4)promote the breakdown of damaged or denatured protiens
|
|
|
The first molecular chaperones discovered where called (1)
|
heat shock protiens
|
|
|
It is now clear that (1) are virtually important to cel function in all types of stressful circumstances
|
molecular chaperones
|
|
|
Some protiens are (1), and others are (2)
|
(1)whole (2)made up of two parts
|
|
|
What are the holoenzyme parts?
|
(1)apoenzyme (2)cofactor
|
|
|
NAME
is a enzyme made up of two parts: apoenzyme and the cofactor |
holoenzyme
|
|
|
What is the holoenzyme?
|
consists of the apoenzyme and the cofactor
|
|
|
What is the apoenzyme?
|
the protien portion of the holoenzyme
|
|
|
NAME
is the protien portion of the holoenzyme |
apoenzyme
|
|
|
What is coenzyme?
|
is a type of organic cofactor that is derived from vitamins
|
|
|
NAME
is a type of organic cofactor that is derived from vitamins |
coenzyme
|
|
|
NAME (2)
is what binds to the apoenzyme |
cofactor or coenzyme
|
|
|
Most enzymes are named for the (1) and end in (2)
|
(1)the chemical reactions they catalyse (2)ase
|
|
|
NAME
is a certain amount of energy that is required to be absorbed for the reaction to begin |
Activation energy
|
|
|
What is the activation energy?
|
is a certain amount of energy that is required to be absorbed for the reaction to begin
|
|
|
What are the three steps involed in enzyme activity?
|
(1)the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme (2)the enzyme substrate coplex undergoes internal rearrangements that form the product (3)the enzyme release the product of the reaction
|
|
|
Enzymes are specfic for thier (1)
|
substrate
|
|
|
NAME
are the largest molecules of the body |
nucleic acids
|
|
|
Nucleic acids are the (1) moelcules in the body
|
largest
|
|
|
What are nucleic acids made up of ( 3)?
|
(1)H, (2)N (3)P
|
|
|
NAME
are structral units of nucleic acids |
nucleotides
|
|
|
What are nucleotides?
|
are structural units of nucleic acids
|
|
|
What are the diffe types of nucleotides? (2)
|
(1)purines (2)pyrmidines
|
|
|
What are the purines?
|
(1)are large two ring bases
|
|
|
NAME
are large two ring bases |
purines
|
|
|
NAME
are smaller single ring bases |
pyrimidines
|
|
|
What are pyrimidines?
|
are smaller single ring bases
|
|
|
Which nucleotides are part of the pyrimidines? (2)
|
(1)A (2)G
|
|
|
Which nucleotides are part of the purines?(3)
|
(1)C (2)T (3)U
|
|
|
the stepwise synthesis of a nucleotide involves the attachment of a base to the pentose sugar to form a (1)
|
nucleoside
|
|
|
What does DNA stand for?
|
Deoxyribosenucleic acid
|
|
|
What does RNA stand for?
|
ribonucleic acid
|
|
|
What are the two roles of DNA?
|
(1)replication (2)privide instructions for building protiens
|
|
|
RNA carries out the order issued by (1)
|
DNA
|
|
|
T is only for (1)
|
DNA
|
|
|
U is only for (1)
|
RNA
|
|
|
The whole molecule of DNA is coiled into a spiral staircase called (1)
|
double helix
|
|
|
A and T also G and C are called (1)
|
complementary bases
|
|
|
What does ATP stand for?
|
Adenosine triphosphate
|
|
|
energy is relased during glucose catabolism is coupled to (1)
|
ATP
|
|
|
How do cells use ATP's enrergy?
|
by using enzymes to transfer the terminal phosphate group from ATP to other compounds
|
|
|
What does ADP stand for?
|
Adenosine diphosphate
|
|
|
What is the formula to get engergy from ATP?
|
H2O
ATP = ADP + Pi + energy H2O |
|
|
w/ out (1)molecules cannot be made or degraded, cells annot transport substances across the membrane, muscles cannot shorten to tug on other structures and life processes cease
|
ATP
|
