Anatomy Chapter 19

Front 1

what are the 5 characteristics of the endocrine system?

Back 1

1. maintains homeostasis
2. coordinates growth and development
3. system of glands that produces hormones
4. releases hormones into the bloodstream
5. works with the nervous system

Front 2

this epithelial gland has ducts

Back 2

exocrine glands

Front 3

this epithelial gland is..
ductless
- highly vascularized
-lie within or next to other glands
-secrete hormones

Back 3

endocrine glands

Front 4

this type of organization of capillaries allows rapid passage of macromolecules

Back 4

fenestrated

Front 5

chemical secreted by an endocrine gland to act on a target cell

Back 5

hormone

Front 6

any cell that has a specific receptor for a hormone

Back 6

target cell

Front 7

a molecule within a cell or on a cell surface to which a hormone selectively binds

Back 7

receptor

Front 8

a molecule or ion whose concentration increases within a target cell in response to a hormone
- mediates and amplifies the intracellular effects of that hormone within a target cell

Back 8

second messenger

Front 9

this type of hormone includes thyroid hormones and catecholamines

Back 9

amino acid derivatives

Front 10

this type of hormone is always secreted by the pituitary gland

Back 10

peptides

Front 11

this is a type of hormone that is secreted from adrenal cortex and reproductive organs

Back 11

steroids

Front 12

this alters the types, activities, or quantities of cellular enzymes within target cells
- produces a reaction/ response to restore normal physiological levels

Back 12

hormone

Front 13

hormones act on target cells in 2 ways through receptors-- what are the 2 ways?

Back 13

1. cell membrane second messenger
2. cell cytoplasm

Front 14

what is an example of a cell-surface receptor?

acts through second messengers following hormone- receptor bidning and functions in :
- enzyme activation
- enzyme inhibition

Back 14

catecholamines and peptides

Front 15

what is an example of an intracellular receptor that crosses cell membrane without a receptor and binds to DNA segments to activate or inhibit genes

Back 15

thyroid hormone

Front 16

what is the hormone that functions through intracellular receptor and binds to a cytoplasmic/ nuclear receptor before acting upon segment of DNA (gene)

- activate or inhibit gene

Back 16

steroid hormone

Front 17

what is the 6 step process for regulation of hormone release?

Back 17

1. hypothalamus
2. releasing hormone
3. anterior pituitary
4. stimulating hormone
5. endocrine cell
6. hormone

Front 18

what are the 3 types of stimulation for endocrine cell hormone release (feedback)

Back 18

1. humeral
2. hormonal
3. neural

Front 19

this is the most common feedback mechanism that regulates endocrine cell hormone release
- target tissue response restores normal leves and diminished the stimulus

Back 19

negative feedback mechanism

Front 20

this type of feedback mechanism is rare
-target tissue response enhances the original stimulus

Back 20

positive feedback mechanism

Front 21

what are the 9 major players in the endocrine system?

Back 21

1. hypothalamus
2. pituitary gland
3. thyroid
4. parathyroid
5. thymus
6. adrenal gland
7. kidney
8. pancreas
9. gonads

Front 22

this "player" of the endocrine system
1. controls the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla2. regulates activity of the anterior pituitary (releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones)

Back 22

hypothalamus

Front 23

what 2 hormones does the hypothalamus produce?

Back 23

oxytocin and Antidieuretic (ADH)

Front 24

how many hormones are released in the pituitary gland?

anterior lobe?
posterior lobe?

Back 24

9 total
7 in anterior lobe
2 in posterior lobe (ADH and oxytocin)

Front 25

this part of the pituitary gland receives axons of hypothalamic neurons from 2 nuclei
- supraoptic nucleus
- paraventricular nucleus

Back 25

posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

Front 26

this nucleus (part of pituitary gland) synthesizes ADH

Back 26

supraoptic nucleus

Front 27

this nucleus (part of pituitary gland) synthesizes oxytocin

Back 27

paraventricular nucleus

Front 28

this hormone ...
- is released in response to electrolyte rise or fall in blood volume and pressure
- decreases amount of water lost through the kidneys
-causes smooth muscle contraction of small vessels to increase blood pressure
- can lead to diabetes insipidus (production of large volumes of diluted urine)

Back 28

ADH

Front 29

this hormone stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle and contractile cells in the breast to help with nursing
- in men, stimulates prostatic smooth muscle contractions

Back 29

oxytocin

Front 30

whwhere are regulatory factors released from hypothalamus?

Back 30

the floor

Front 31

how do the endocrine cells enter the circulation from the hypothalamus to anterior pituitary?

Back 31

through fenestrated capillaries

Front 32

a system of vessels that begin and end as capillaries

Back 32

portal system

Front 33

this portal system - connect adenohypophsis with hypothalamus

Back 33

hypophyseal portal system

Front 34

what part of the endocrine system is associated with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 34

gonads

Front 35

what part of the endocrine system is associated with prolactin (PRL)

Back 35

mammary glands

Front 36

what part of the endocrine system is associated with growth hormone

Back 36

all cells

Front 37

type of GH (growth hormone) malproduction
- overproduction of GH after puberty
- enlargement of many parts of the skeleton

Back 37

acromegaly

Front 38

type of GH (growth hormone) malproduction
- pituitary growth failure in children
- lack of GH
-stunted growth and maturation

Back 38

pituitary dwarfism

Front 39

these follicles manufacture, store, and release thyroid hormones T4 and T3 (tyrosine and iodine)

Back 39

thyroid follicle

Front 40

thyroid follicles release thyroid hormones in response to what?

the effect:
- increases the basal metabolic rate of all cells
-regulate heat production
-body growth
-nervous system development

Back 40

TSH

Front 41

explain the negative feedback loop of thyroid secretion

Back 41

1. homeostasis distrurbd (decreased T3, T4 concentration)
2. hypothalamus releases TRH
3. anterior pituitary releases TSH
4. Thyroid follicles release T3 and T4
5. homeostasis restored

Front 42

enlargement of the thyroid gland
- increase in follicular size
- increase in thyroid hormone production

Back 42

goiter

Front 43

type of hypothyroidism

- hinders synthesis of TH
- hypertrophy of thyroid due to increased secretion of TSH

Back 43

iodine deficiency/ endemic goiter

Front 44

type of hypothyroidism
ex. Hasimoto's thyroiditis

Back 44

autoimmune diseases

Front 45

type of hypothyroidism
- in infants/ children
- arrested physical and mental development
- inadequate skeletal and nervous development

Back 45

cretinism

Front 46

type of hyperthyroidism
- immunologic dysfunction-- autoantibodies bind to TSH receptors in follucular cells

Back 46

graves disease

Front 47

these are all symptoms of what?
- goiter
-unintended weight loss
-excessive sweating
-nervousness
-increased heart rate

Back 47

hyperthyroidism

Front 48

these cells produce calcitonin
- lowers calcium concentrations in body fluids
- inhibits osteoclast (less bone resorprtion)
- stimulates calcium excretion from kidney
-responds only to blood calcium levels

Back 48

C cells

Front 49

how many parathyroid glands are found on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland?

Back 49

4

Front 50

produced by chief cells- released in response to low blood calcium levels
- increases amount of calcium in blood
- bone removal-- greater stimulation of osteoclasts
- stimulates calcium reabsorption at the kidney

Back 50

PTH parathyroid hormone

Front 51

the 2 hormones work together to maintain calcium balance

Back 51

PTH and calcitonin

Front 52

this is embedded in connective tissue of thoracic cavity or base of neck
- hormones stimulate the development and maintenance of immunity

Back 52

thymus

Front 53

what are the 3 parts of the adrenal cortex?

Back 53

1. zona glomerulosa
2. zona fasciculata
3. zona reticularis

Front 54

what is manufactured in the adrenal cortex?

Back 54

steroid hormones

Front 55

this zona of the adrenal cortex releases mineralocorticoids
- aldosterone restricts sodium and water loss at the kidneys
-responds to angiotensin II and alterations in sodium
- helps regulate blood pressure

Back 55

zona glomerulosa

Front 56

this zona of the adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids
- cortisol and corticosterone increase rates of glucose synthesis and glycogen formation (liver)
- stimulates breakdown and release of amino acids (skeletal muscle and lipids- adpiose tissue)
- become available for gluconeogenesis

Back 56

zona fasciculata

Front 57

this zona of the adrenal cortex produces small amounts of androgens

Back 57

reticularis

Front 58

cells of the adrenal medulla
- resemble sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Back 58

chromaffin cells

Front 59

-secrete epinephrine or norepinephrie for "fight or flight" reaction
- trigger cellular energy utilization
- mobilization of energy reserves

Back 59

catecholamines

Front 60

type of adrenal dysfunction
- hyperfunction of cortex and excessive production of glucocorticoids
- usually due to a pituitary tumor- excessive ACTH

Back 60

Cushing's disease

Front 61

type of adrenal dysfunction
- autoimmune destruction of the cortex
- failure to secrete both gluco and minteralocorticoids

Back 61

addison's disease

Front 62

endocrine functions of kidney:

Involved with angiotensin in the blood that results in
stimulation the secretion of aldosterone, which is involved in
blood pressure regulation

Back 62

renin

Front 63

endocrine functions of kidney

– Stimulates red blood cell production by the bone marrow
– Released in response to reduced blood pressure or blood
oxygen levels in the kidneys

Back 63

erythropoietin

Front 64

endocrine functions of kidney

Secreted in response to PTH
– Stimulates calcium absorption in the digestive tract

Back 64

steroid hormone calcitriol

Front 65

this is the nodular organ between the stomach and small intestine

Back 65

pancreas

Front 66

this secretes enzyme-rich fluid into small intestine

Back 66

exocrine pancreas

Front 67

this forms Islets of Langerhans
1. aplha cells produce glucagon
2. Beta cells secrete insulin

Back 67

endocrine pancreas

Front 68

this raises blood glucose levels
- increases the rate of glycogen breakdown
- increases the rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver

Back 68

glucagon

Front 69

this lowers blood glucose
- increases the rate of glucose uptake by most body cells

Back 69

insulin

Front 70

Type of diabetes mellitus...
Decreased sensitivity to insulin (insulin receptor) or
inadequate amount of insulin secretion
• Usually controlled by diet and exercise

Back 70

type 2

Front 71

type of diabetes mellitus

• Lack of insulin produced by beta cells (autoimmune,
genetic)
• Cells cannot absorb glucose
• High glucose concentration in the blood and urine
• Kidney cannot conserve water--> polyuria

Back 71

type 1

Front 72

this hormone in the testes stimulates interstitial cells (of Leydig) to produce androgens

Back 72

LH

Front 73

what is the most important LH hormone
- promotes production of sperm
• Maintains reproductive tract secretory glands
• Influences development of secondary sexual characteristics
• Stimulates muscle growth

Back 73

testosterone

Front 74

this stimulates sustentacular cells to produce inhibin
• Decreases secretion of _____from anterior pituitary
• Inhibin and ____ cooperate to maintain sperm levels

Back 74

FSH

Front 75

in the ovaries this stimulates follicle cells
– Surround oocytes
– Produce estrogens
• Estradiol
• Supports the
maturation of oocytes
• Stimulates growth of
uterine lining
• Secretes inhibin with
effects similar to that in
male

Back 75

FSH

Front 76

what do the follicle cells in the ovary form after ovulation?

what hormone are they stimulated by?

(produces mainly progestins which facilitate movement of fertilized egg. stimulates preparation of uterus for implantation)

Back 76

corpus luteum

LH