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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Muscle cells are called what and they convert what to what?
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Muscle Fibers
Convert Chemical Energy into MEchanical ENergy 50% of bady mass (1/3 of body weight) |
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Myo and Sacro refer to what
What is Sarcoplasm, Sarcolemma, and Myocardium? |
Muscle
1) Cytoplasm of Muscle of Fiber 2) Plasma Membrane of Muscle Fiber 3) Heart muscle |
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Functions Properties of Muscle Tissue
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1) Contractility, 2)Excitability, 3) Extensibility, and 4) Elasticity
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Smooth Muscle?
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In walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eye, glands, uterus, and skin
Propel Urine, Mix food, size of pupils Autorhythmic Involuntary controlled by endocrine and automonic nervous system |
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Cardiac Muscle?
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In the heart-moves blood
Autorhythmic Involuntary controlled by endocrine and automonic nervous system |
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Skeletal Muscle
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Attachs Muscles
Locomotion, facial expression, posture, respiratory movements Voluntary in action |
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What are the 2 laysters of smooth muscle and what do they participate in?
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Longitudinal Layer- muscle fibers run parallel to organ's long axis
Circular Layer- Muscle fibers run around circumference of the organ PERISTALSIS |
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What do smooth muscle have and not have?
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Don't: Striations, sacromere, t tubule, and troponin
Do: Dissued junction formed by the visceral efferent nerve fibers |
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Peristalsis?
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wave-like contractions of the digestive tube
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Smooth Muscles Stress-relaxation reflex?
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The ability to contract only slightly when streched and relax immediately;urinary bladder
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Smooth Muscle's Hyper Plasia?
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Smooth Muscles increases in number with a special mitosis; pregnacy
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Due to the way actin and myosin are arranged smooth muscle is in a constant state of partial contraction called what?
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tone
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What is Smooth Muscles Functional Syncytium?
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When smooth muscle use gap junction to stimulate a wave like potential
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Cardiac Muscle what does it contain and how is it controlled?
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Straightions; intercalated disk;
ANS (involuntary) and Endocrine System (hormones) |
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Skeletal Muscle?
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Composed of muscle fibers that are long , cylindrical, and multinucleated that are peripherally located;myoblasts; striated
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7 ways to name skeletal Muscle
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1) Direction of muscle fibers
2) Size of Muscles 3) Location 4) # of orgins 5) location of muscle origin and instretion 6) shape of muscle 7) action of muscle |
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Origin and Insertion?
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Origin: less movable attachment
Insertion: More movable attachment |
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Agnoists?
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Prime move in flexion and extension
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Antagonists?
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Oppose the action of the specific movement
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Synergists?
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These help the agonists in movements reduces undesirble or unnecessary movement
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Fixators?
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These stabilize the joint during rapid flexion
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Muscles are surrounded by what that seperate what?
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Epimysium: muscle from surrounding tissues and organs
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What divides muscles into a series of compartments?
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Perimysium
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Each Muscle fiber is enclosed in a a covering of areolar and reticular fibers called what?
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Endomysium
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Many muscle fascicles are enclosed in a thicker layer of dense irregular tissue called what?
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Epimysium
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Epimysium, perimysium and endomysium join together to form what?
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a Tendon which is a bundle of fascia
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Direct Attachment of Epimysia?
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Epimysia fuse with the periosteum of a bone
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Indirect Attachment of Epimysia?
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Each muscle has a tendon of origin, and a tendon of insertion
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Emybryonic Myoblast fuse to make what? What Happens when some of them don't fuse?
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muscle fiber
myosatellitle cells enflarge after damage and fused with damaged muscle fibers assisting in repair |
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Each Muscle fiber is formed by the fusion of what that account for what?
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Myoblast:may nuclei in a skeletal muscle
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Sacroplasm has plenty of what that does what?
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Myoglobin and Stored Flycogen
Myoglobin stoes oxygen in muscle fiver to be used during contractions |
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Myofibrils?
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Contractile elements that make up the dark bands ( A) and light bands (i)
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Thick filaments; made of what; what band
Thin filaments; made of what; what band Elastic Filaments; made of what; |
1) Myosin-A
2) Actin-I 3) Titin |
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Tropomysoin and Troponin make what kind of filament
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Thin Filament
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Sacromeres?
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Smalles functional unit of a muscle made with A filaments and I filaments which stabilze along with a Z line
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What does a Z Disk in A Sacromere do?
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Interconnects all the A and I filaments
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Elastic Filaments?
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Connect thick filaments to z disk
Stabilize thick filaments during contraction |
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Thick Filaments?
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composed of myosin protein which makes a cross bridge
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Thin Filaments?
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Composed of actin protein, two of important regulatory proteins are tropomyosin and troponin
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Tropomyosin?
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When the muscle is at rest it blocks the binding sites on actin filaments
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Troponin?
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Unblocks and exposes active binding sites on actin
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Sarcoplamic Reticulum?
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Interconnected canals that surround myofibrils when not contractiing it realease calcium ions, but when it is contracting it absorbs calcium ions
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T-tubule?
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Tube like extensions of the sarcolemma into the interior of the muscle fiber
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NMJ is formed by what 2 things
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1) End of Motor Neuron Axon
-Contain the neurotransmitter acetylcholine 2) The Motor End Plate of a Muscle -receptors for AcH |
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Space between the NMJ and Muscle
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Snaptic Cleft
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What are the electrical signals that stimulate muscle to contraction?
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Action Potentials
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Function of T tubles in NMJ?
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Conduct signal to sarcolemma
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Skeletal muscle fibers are organized into functional units that consist of what?
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Motor units: one motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers that it controls by means of NMJ's
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Force created by the muscle is determined by what?
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The number of motor units; recruited=getting more motor units to help
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Small Motor Units?
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Few Fibers are involved in precise movements
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Large Motor Units?
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Hundreds of motor units are inolved in less precise, but very powerful contractions
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Slow twitch is made what what color fibers? Fast Twitch?
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Red fibers
White Fibers |
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Type 1 Skeletal Muscle
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Slow twitch
oxidative metabolism sensitive to hypoxia more capillaries and myoglobin resistant to fatigue |
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Type 2a Skeletal Muscle
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Fast Twitch
Fast oxidative more myoglobin more myosin ATPase |
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Type 2b Skeletal Muscle
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Fast Glycolytic
Low resistance to fatigue |
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What are the 3 types of Energy for Contraction?
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1) Aerobic respiration
2) Lactic Acid Fermentation 3) Diect Phosphorylation |
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ATP-> (_____ +_____)->_____+_____
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ATPase+H2O
ADP+Pi |
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3 Ways ATP is Generated?
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1) creatine phosphate
2) lactic acid fermentation 3) aeorobin respiration |
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Direct Phosphorlation?
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ADP encounters Creatine Phosphate>Takes phosphate molecule to form ATP, leaves creatine>CP is only present in muscle cells
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Fast Glycolitic?
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White muscle fibers, low myoglovin, anaerobic glycolysis, few mitochondria, fast twitch fibers, high glycogen stoes, short burst, fatigues easily
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Slow oxidative?
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Red Muscle Aerobic, high myoglobin, low glycogen stoes, lots mitochondria, slow, tonic. long distance
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Fast Oxidative?
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Red->Pink, aerobic, fast, high, myoglobin, intremediate amt of mitochondria, intermediate glycogen, intermediate fatigue resistance
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Muscle Fatigure?
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Inability to contract a mucle
-Caused by lack of ATP -Not getting enough glucose, used all glycogen, used all fat |
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Oxygen Debt?
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Not enough oxygen to go through cellular respiration
-goes to lactic acid fermentation -Builk up of lactic acid causes muscle pain |
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Isotonic Contraction?
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Contraction with a change in length; The muscle shortens and movement occurs
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Isometric Contraction?
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Conraction without any change in length; The muscle does not shorten and there is no movement produced even though the muscle contracts
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Forces of Muscle Contraction?
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1) Number of Motor Units Involved
2) Stimulus Frequency 3) Thickness of the Muscle Fiber 4) Degree of Muscle Stretch |
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The Optimum Stretch?
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Maximum contraction and force will be when the thick and thin filaments barely overlap in the A bands; provides max distance for the thin filaments to travel towards the H-Zone
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Length Tension Relationship?
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Correlation of Muscle fiber length and tension
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Newborns have only what kind of muscle action?
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Gross Reflex
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Fine Motor Control Develops as what matures?
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Nervous System
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Duchenne M.D.
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Most Common and Severe
Males Between age 2 and 6 live until young adult |
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Myofascial Pain Syndrome?
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Pain caused by tightened bands of muscle fibers
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Fibromyalgia?
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Mysterious Chronic Pain Syndrome
-Affects mostly Women -Symptoms are fatigue, sleep abnormalities, severe musculoskeletal pain, and head ahe |
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Myasthenia Gravis?
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Onset=adulthood
Symptoms=drooping of eyelids difficulty swallowing and talking Lack of acetylcholine receptors |
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Tetanus?
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Continuous Contraction with no relaxation
Evident is isometric exercise Bacteria such as C. tetani and botulism interfere with ability to break down acetylcholine |
