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124 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Gross anatomy
Study of visible/macroscopic anatomy
Cytology
Study of cells
Histology
Study of tissues
Levels of Structural Organization
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Cell
Smallest unit of living things
Tissue
Groups of similar cells that have a common function
Organ
A discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function for the body
Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury, sit of cutaneous receptors/sweat and oil glands, synthesizes vitamin D

Contains: Hair, skin, nails
Skeletal system
Protects and supports body organs, provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement, stores minerals; blood cells form within bones

Contains: bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, tendons
Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, expression, maintains posture, produces heat

Contains: muscles
Nervous System
Fast-acting control system of the body, responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Contains: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate body cell processes

Contains: Pineal glands, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries/testes
Cardiovascular System
Transport blood, carry nutrients/wastes/oxygen to the body

Contains: heart, blood vessels
Lymphatic System
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream, houses lymphocytes, involved in immunity

Contains: red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, lymphoid tissue
Respiratory System
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes CO2

Contains: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi
Digestive System
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells, eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces

Contains: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, accessory structures (teeth, salivary glands, liver, pancreas)
Urinary System
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water/electrolytes/pH

Contains: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Reproductive System
Production of offspring.

Male: prostate, penis, testes, scrotum, ductus deferens

Female: mammary glands, ovaries, uterus, vagina, uterine tubes
Homeostasis
A dynamic state of equilibrium within relatively narrow limits
Receptor
Sensor that monitors the environment and responds to stimuli by sending input to the next component
Effector
Provides the means for the control centre's response to the stimulus
Negative Feedback Mechanism (also give examples)
Mechanism which causes the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning it to its "ideal" value

Examples: regulation of body temperature, regulation of blood sugar levels
Positive Feedback Mechanism (also give examples)
Mechanism that causes the variable to change in the same direction as the initial disturbance, causing it to deviate further from the original value. Also called "cascade."

Example: labour contractions, blood clotting
Anatomical Position
The anatomical reference point for standard body position. The body is erect with the feet only slightly apart, the palms facing forward with the thumbs pointing away from the body.
Superior
Toward the head; above
Inferior
Away from the head end; below
Anterior/Ventral
Toward the front of the body; in front of
Posterior/Dorsal
Toward the back of the body; behind
Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Lateral
Away from the midline of th body; on the outer side of
Proximal
Closer to the attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
Further from the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial/External
Toward or at the body surface
Deep/Internal
Away from the body surface; more internal
Nasal
nose
Oral
mouth
Cervical
neck
Acromial
the very top point of the shoulder
Axillary
armpit
Abdominal
abdomen
Brachial
upper arm
Antecubital
anterior elbow
Antebrachial
forearm
Pelvic
pelvis
Carpal
wrist
Pollex
thumb
Palmar
palm
Digital
fingers/toes
Pubic
genital
Patellar
anterior knee
Crural
Anterior leg (shin region)
Pedal
foot
Tarsal
ankle
Frontal
forehead
Orbital
eye
Buccal
cheek
Mental
chin
Sternal
breastbone
Thoracic
chest
Mammary
breast
Umbilical
navel
Coxal
hip
Inguinal
groin
Femoral
thigh
Fibular/Peroneal
side of leg
Hallux
big toe
Cephalic
head
Manus
hand
Otic
ear
Occipital
Back of head and base of skull
Vertebral
spinal column
Scapular
shoulder blade
Dorsum/Dorsal
back
Olecranal
posterior elbow
Lumbar
lower back, lateral to spine (also called "loin")
Sacral
between hips (butt crack and slightly above)
Gluteal
buttocks
Popliteal
Posterior knee
Sural
calf
Calcaneal
heel
Plantar
sole of foot
Axial Components (name)
head, neck, trunk
Appendicular Components (name)
limbs, limb origins, pelvis
Sagittal Plane
vertical plane dividing into left and right parts
Median/Midsagittal Plane
sagittal plane through midline of body
Frontal/Coronal Plane
vertical plane dividing into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse Plane/Horizontal Plane/Cross-Section
horizontal plane which divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Dorsal Body Cavity
Protects the organs of the nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

Contains cranial and vertebral cavities
Cranial Cavity
cavity of the skull

contains: brain
Vertebral/Spinal Cavity
cavity within the vertebral column

contains: spinal cord
Thoracic Cavity
cavity surrounded by the ribs and chest muscles, contains pleural and pericardial cavities
Pleural Cavities
cavities housing the lungs
Pericardial Cavity/Medial Mediastinum
central thoracic cavity

contains: heart
Diaphragm
thin muscle attached to the inferior boundary of the rib cage, important in breathing, separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Abdominopelvic Cavity
inferior cavity of the body trunk, containing the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Abdominal Cavity
superior cavity of the abdominopelvic cavity

contains: stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, pancreas, large intestines, small intestines, greater omentum, mesentary
Pelvic Cavity
inferior cavity of the abdominopelvic cavity, within the bony pelvis

contains: urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, rectum
Umbilical Region
centermost abdominopelvic region, surrounding the navel

contains: large & small intestines
Epigastric Region
top-centre abdominopelvic region

contains: stomach, liver, small intestine, pancreas
Hypogastric/Pubic Region
bottom-centre abdominopelvic region

contains: urinary bladder, small intestine, appendix, large intestine
Right Iliac/Inguinal Region
bottom right abdominopelvic region

contains: small intestine, large intestine, appendix
Left Iliac/Inguinal Region
bottom left abdominopelvic region

contains: large & small intestine
Right Lumbar Region
middle right abdominopelvic region

contains: large and small intestines
Left Lumbar Region
middle left abdominopelvic region

contains: large & small intestines
Right Hypochondriac Region
top right abdominopelvic region

contains: liver, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine
Left Hypochondriac Region
top left abdominopelvic region

contains: large intestine, small intestine, spleen, stomach
Abdominopelvic Regions (name)
epigastric, R/L hypochondriac, umbilical, R/L lumbar, hypogastric/pubic, R/L iliac/inguinal
Abdominopelvic Quadrants (name)
R/L upper, R/L lower
Oral Cavity
mouth cavity

contains: teeth, tongue
Cephalad/Cranial
In quadrapeds: toward the head
Caudal
in quadrapeds: toward the tail
Pleura
serosa lining in the pleural cavities
Pericardium
serosa lining in the pericardial cavity
Trachea
tubelike "windpipe" running medially down the throat
Esophagus
the part of the digestive system that transports food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach
Stomach
curved organ important in food digestion and temporary food storage
Small Intestine
digestive "tube" connected to the stomach and ending just before the saclike cecum
Large Intestine
large, muscular tube connected to the small intestine and ending at the anus
Spleen
dark red organ curving around the left lateral side of the stomach; considered part of the lymphatic system and called the "RBC graveyard"
Liver
large, brown-red, most superior organ in the abdominal cavity located directly beneath the diaphragm
Kidneys
bean-shaped retroperitoneal organs
Adrenal Glands
large endocrine glands that sit astride the superior margin of each kidney
Ureter
tube running from the indented region of a kidney to the urinary bladder
Urinary Bladder
the sac that serves as a reservoir for urine, located in the pelvic cavity/pubic region