Anatomy Chap 4

Front 1

Define metabolism

Back 1

Metabolism is the sum total of chemical reactions in the cell

Front 2

Anabolism

Back 2

Anabolism uses energy to build large molecules from smaller ones

Front 3

Catabolism

Back 3

Catabolism releases energy by breaking large molecules into smaller ones.

Front 4

Dehydration synthesis

Back 4

Type of anabolic process
Used to make polysaccharides, triglycerides, and proteins
Produces water

Front 5

HOW Dehydration synthesis

Back 5

where larger molecules are formed by removing an –OH (hydroxyl group) from the end of one molecule and an –H (hydrogen atom) from the end of another. The –OH and –H combine to form H2O (water), and the ends of the two molecules join by sharing the remaining oxygen atom.

Front 6

Hydrolysis

Back 6

A catabolic process
Used to decompose carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
Water is used to split the substances
Reverse of dehydration synthesis

Front 7

Hydrolysis how

Back 7

In hydrolysis, a large molecule is split apart at a certain point and a hydrogen atom is attached to one of the new molecules, while a hydroxyl group is attached to the other.

Front 8

Give examples of a dehydration synthesis reaction

Back 8

Dehydration synthesis joins many simple sugar molecules to form larger molecules of glycogen. Glycerol and fatty acid molecules join to form larger fat molecules.

Front 9

Give examples of and a hydrolysis reaction.

Back 9

Hydrolysis of a disaccharide yields two monosaccharide molecules. Fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.

Front 10

Enzymes

Back 10

Control rates of metabolic reactions
Lower activation energy needed to start reactions
Most are globular proteins with specific shapes
Not consumed in chemical reactions
Substrate specific
Shape of active site determines substrate

Front 11

. State two factors that control the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

Back 11

. an increase in the enzyme concentration.
an increase in the substrate concentration.

Front 12

. Describe how an enzyme interacts with its substrate

Back 12

The surface of an enzyme contains areas called active sites that will bind to a specific substrate only. When the correct substrates are attached to the active sites (called an enzyme-substrate complex), the enzyme alters the shapes of the substrates in a way that promotes the reaction. All enzymes demonstrate this specificity to its substrates. To illustrate, an enzyme-substrate complex is like a “lock-and-key” model with the enzyme as the lock and the substrate as the key. Although many keys may fit the lock, only one type of key will make it work.

Front 13

A cell has _________ of types of enzymes and metabolic reactions.

Back 13

hundreds

Front 14

active site

Back 14

During an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, regions of the enzyme molecule, called active sites, temporarily combine with portions of the substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.

Front 15

Metabolic pathways

Back 15

Series of enzyme-controlled reactions leading to formation of a product
Each new substrate is the product of the previous reaction

Front 16

Enzyme names commonly

Back 16

Reflect the substrate
Have the suffix – ase
Examples: sucrase, lactase, protease, lipase

Front 17

what is and Explain the importance of a rate-limiting enzyme

Back 17

( the first enzyme in a series)The rate at which a metabolic pathway functions is often determined by a regulatory enzyme that catalyzes one of its steps

Front 18

Cofactors

Back 18

is a separate non-protein molecule that binds to an enzyme to aid in the reaction. Usually, a cofactor is a non-organic molecule

Front 19

A coenzyme

Back 19

A coenzyme is a cofactor that is an organic molecule. such as a vitamin

Front 20

Factors that alter enzymes

Back 20

Heat Radiation
Electricity Chemicals
Changes in pH

Front 21

rate limiting enzyme is an example of what

Back 21

negative feedback

Front 22

energy

Back 22

ability to do work

Front 23

ATP molecules parts

Back 23

An adenine molecule
A ribose molecule
Three phosphate molecules in a chain

Front 24

ATP -ADP cycle (phosphorylation)

Back 24

. ATP releases its energy by breaking off the third, or terminal, phosphate molecule. When this occurs, it becomes ADP (with only two phosphate molecules). The ADP returns to “recharge” by picking up a third phosphate molecule with energy, and the cycle repeats.

Front 25

oxidation

Back 25

We burn glucose in a process

Front 26

Cellular Respiration

Back 26

The controlled, sequential process of oxidation and energy recapture

Front 27

3 steps of cellular respiration

Back 27

Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle (aka TCA or Kreb’s Cycle)
Electron transport system

Front 28

Glycolysis

Back 28

Series of ten reactions
Breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules
Occurs in cytosol
Anaerobic phase of cellular respiration
Yields two ATP molecules per glucose molecule

Front 29

three main phases of glycolysis

Back 29

Phosphorylation
Splitting
Production of NADH and ATP

Front 30

Event 1 - Phosphorylation
of glycolysis

Back 30

Two phosphates added to glucose
Requires ATP

Front 31

Event 2 – Splitting (cleavage) of glycolysis

Back 31

6-carbon glucose split into two 3-carbon molecules

Front 32

Event 3 – Production of NADH and ATP
of glycolysis

Back 32

Hydrogen atoms are released
Hydrogen atoms bind to NAD+ to produce NADH
NADH delivers hydrogen atoms to electron transport system if oxygen is available
ADP is phosphorylated to become ATP
Two molecules of pyruvic acid are produced
Two molecules of ATP are generated

Front 33

Anaerobic Reactions

Back 33

If oxygen is not available:
Electron transport system cannot accept new electrons from NADH
Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid
Glycolysis is inhibited
ATP production is less than in aerobic reactions