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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Perichondrium |
Layer of dense irregular CT Contains blood vessels which nutrients diffuse through matrix to cartilage Help cartilage resist outward expansion |
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Cartilage |
Embryonic forerunner of most bones Covers many joint surfaces Consists of water: makes resilient Avascular: no blood vessels Contains nerves Surrounded by perichondrial layer |
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Hyaline structure |
Most abundant Amorphous/ firm matrix Collagen fibers form imperceptible network Chondroblasts produce matrix Chondrocytes lie in lacunae |
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Hyaline function |
Provides: Support Flexibility Resilience |
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Types of hyaline |
Articular Costal Respiratory Nasal |
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Articular cartilage |
Covering ends of most our bones at moveable joints |
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Costal cartilage |
Connects ribs to sternum |
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Respiratory cartilage |
Helps form structure of larynx/ trachea |
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Nasal cartilage |
Cartilages in nose |
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Elastic cartilage structure |
More elastic fibers than hyaline |
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Elastic cartilage function |
Bend and retain shape Ear |
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Fibrocartilage structure |
Matrix similar but less firm than hyaline Predominate thick collagen fibers |
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Fibrocartilage function |
Highly compressible Great tensile strength Withstand heavy pressure & stretch |
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Fibrocartilage locations |
Areas to absorb shock Meniscus: in knee Intervertebral discs Pubic symphysis |
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How many bones in body |
About 270 at birth Approx. 206 in adult |
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Groups of bones |
Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton |
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Axial skeleton bones (#of) |
Skull: 22 Vertebral column: 26 Thoracic cage: 25 Hyoid: 1 Auditory ossicles: 6 |
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Axial skeleton functions |
Central supporting axis of body |
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Appendicular skeleton bones (#of) |
Upper limbs: 60 Pectoral girdle: 4 - clavical: 2 ; scapula: 2 Lower limbs: 60 Pelvic girdle: hip bones: 2 |
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Appendicular skeleton functions |
Locomotion Manipulation of environment |
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Bone classifications |
Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones |
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Long bone description |
Rigid levers for movement Elongated shape Longer than wide Shaft & 2 bone ends |
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Long bone examples |
All limb bones except: Patella Wrist Ankle |
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Short bones description |
Cube shaped Short Glide within joints |
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Short bones examples |
Wrist bones Ankle Patella |
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Flat bones description |
Very thin Flattened A bit curved |
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Flat bones examples |
Sternum Scapulae Ribs Most skull bones |
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Irregular bones description |
Complex shape |
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Irregular bones examples |
Vertebrae Hip bones |
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Functions of bones |
Support Protect delicate organs Movement Mineral storage Production of blood cells |
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Bones as organs |
All 4 types of primary tissues Blood Bone marrow Cartilage Adipose Nervous Fibrous CT |
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Bone projections that attach to muscles |
Tuberosity Tubercle Crest Line Epicondyle Trochanter Spine Process |
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Tuberosity projection |
Rough, large rounded projections |
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Tubercle projection |
Small rounded projections |
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Crest projection |
Narrow ridge of bone, prominent |
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Line projection |
Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent |
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Epicondyle projection |
Raised areas found in relation to condyles |
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Trochanter projection |
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped processes |
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Spine projection |
Sharp, slender, pointed projection |
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Process projection |
Prominence |
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Bone projections that form joints |
Head Condyle Ramus Facet |
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Head projection |
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck |
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Condyle projection |
Rounded articular projection (knob) |
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Ramus projection |
Armlike bar of bone |
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Facet projection |
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface |
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Bone depressions |
Fossa Groove |
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Fossa depression |
Shallow, basinlike depressions in a bone, often serving as an articular surface |
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Groove depression |
Furrow |
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Bone openings |
Meatus Fissure Foramen Notch Sinus |
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Meatus opening |
Canal-like passageway |
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Fissure opening |
Very narrow slit-like openings |
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Foramen opening |
Round or oval openings through a bone |
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Notch opening |
Indentation at the edge of a structure |
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Sinus opening |
Cavity within a bone Filled with air Lined with mucous membrane |
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Long bone structure |
Diaphysis Epiphyses Membranes |
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Diaphysis of long bone |
Help form axis of bone Thick layer of compact bone Medullary cavity: yellow marrow cavity |
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Epiphyses of long bone |
Bone ends Compact & spongy bone Covered by thin articular cartilage Hematopoietic tissue: makes blood cells Epiphyseal line: (former Epiphyseal plate) separates epiphyses & diaphysis. |
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Membranes of long bone |
Periosteum: glistening white double layered membrane covering surface of long bone except bone ends Fibrous layer Osteogenic layer: stem cells Perforating fibers: help secure periosteum to bone, tuffs of collagen fibers extend from fibrous layer all the way to matrix. Nutrient foramen Endosteum: delicate CT found covering internal bone surfaces. Also covers trebeculae of spongy bone |
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Short, flat, & irregular bone structure |
Active marrow Diploë: stiff sandwich |
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Osteon compact bone |
Basic unit |
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Lamellae compact bone |
Surrounding central canal rings |
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Central canal compact bone |
Contains nerve, vein, artery |
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Lacunae |
Holds nucleus |
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Canaliculi compact bone |
Hair like canals |
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Circumferential lamellae |
Around entire bone |
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Spongy bone |
Red bone marrow Trebeculae |
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Organic components of bone |
1/3 Includes cells: osteoblasts, osteoclast (bone dissolving macrophages), osteocyte, osteoid (ground substance & collagen fibers) |
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Inorganic components of bone |
2/3 85% hydroxyapatite: crystallized calcium phosphate salt 10% calcium carbonate 5% other inorganic materials |
