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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metabolism
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the sum of all chemical reactions within the body
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Enzymes
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-are proteins whcih catalyze or speed chemical reactions
-each has a substrate |
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Substrate
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chemical that an enzyme causes a reaction with.
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Substrate for Amylase
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Starch
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Anabolism
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synthesis reaction from simple to complex that requires energy
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Dehydration Synthesis
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monosaccharide (-H)
+monosaccharide (-HO) -------------------- Disaccharide |
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Catabolism
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decomposition reaction from complex to simple that releases energy
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Hydrogen combines with pyruvic acid it becomes...
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lactic acid
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Oxidation
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a burning tool to burn molecules apart to release energy
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Step 1 of Glycolysis
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Phosphorylation of 6-carbon glucose molecule
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Gross and Net of Glycolysis
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4 and 2 ATP
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration
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-oxygen must be available in sufficient quantity to turn on the mitochondrioa
-pyruvic acid enters citric acid cycle to form 1 ATP per pyruvic acid -NADH & FADH(Bus)deliver Hydrogen to the Electron Transport Chain creating 32-34 ATP -makes more energy than others put together without making waste -mitochondria pushes pyruvic acid through the citric acid cycle |
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Pyruvic Acid is converted into
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Acetic Acid
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Acetic acid is converted to
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Acetyl CoA
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Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetic acid =
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Citric Acid(Go-Juice)
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Each turn of the acid cycle produces
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1 ATP
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The 8 Acids starting with Citric Acid
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Citric Acid
Isocitric Alpha Ketoglutaric Acid Succinyl CoA Succinic Acid Fumaric Acid Oxaloacetic Acid |
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Where does aerobic cellular energy take place?
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mitochondria
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NADH & FADH act as buses of what substances
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Hydrogen
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Which energy system provides about 10 seconds of energy thanks to stored ATP and Creatine Phosphate?
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Immediate
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Which energy system produces the most energy with the least amount of waste?
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Electron Transport Chain
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What is the function of RNApolymerase?
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cuts open the DNA
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What substance produced during anaerobic energy metabolism is transformed into acetyl CoA by enzymes within the mitochondria?
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Pyruvic
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What are the codons/building blocks of protein synthesis?
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3 nucleotides for RNA and DNA
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Transcription occurs in
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nucleus
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Translation occurs in
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cytoplasm near ribosome and ends with a new protein
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Nucleotide Sequence...
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spells out the names of specific amino acids and in what sequence to connect them
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The amino acid sequence
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determines the shape of a protein(conformation)
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A proteins shape determines
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its function
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Four Tissue Types
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Epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve
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Epithelial Tissues:
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-protect, secret, absorb and excretes.
-covers body surface and line internal organs -lack blood vessles, divide easily and are tightly packed |
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How many layers are in simple squamous
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-single layer of flattened cells
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Function of Simple Squamous
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Filtration, Diffusion, Osmosis, covers surface
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Location of Simple Squamous
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Air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries, linings of blood and lymph vessels
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How many layers are in Simple Cuboidal
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single layer of cube shaped cells
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Function of Simple Cuboidal
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Secretion, Absorption
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Location of Simple Cuboidal
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surface of ovaries, linings of kidney tubules, and linings of ducts of certain glands
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How many layers are in simple columnar
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single layer of elongated cells
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Function of simple columnar
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Protection, secretion, absorption
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Location of simple columnar
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linings of uterus, stomach and intestines
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How many layers are in pseudostratified columnar
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single layer of elongated cells
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Function of pseudostratified columnar
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protection, secretion, movement of mucus and substances
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Location of pseudostratified
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linings of respiratory passages
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Layers of Stratified Squamous
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many layers, top cells flattened
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Function of Stratified Squamous
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Protection
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Location of Stratified Squamous
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outer layer of skin, linings of oral cavity, vagina and anal canal
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Layers of Stratified Cuboidal
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2-3 layers of cube shaped cells
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Function of Stratified Cuboidal
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protection
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Location of stratified cuboidal
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linings of larger ducts of mammary glands, swear glands, salivary glands, and pancreas
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Layers of Stratified Columnar
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Top layer of elongated cells, lower layers of cube-shaped cells
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function of stratified columnar
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protection, secretion
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location of stratified columnar
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part of the male urethra and party of the pharynx
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layers of transitional
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many layers of cube shaped and elongated cells
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function of transitional
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distensibility, protection
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location of transitional
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inner lining of urinary bladder and linings of ureters and part of urethra
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glandular epithelium
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-multicellular
-secretions -salivary glands, sweat glands, endocrine glands |
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function of loose connective tissue
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binds organs, holds tissue fluids
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location of loose connective tissue
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beneath the skin, between muscles, beneath epithelial tissues
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function of adipose tissue
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protects, insulates, and stores fat
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location of adipose tissue
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beneath the skin, around the kidneys, behind the eyeballs, on the surface of heart
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function of reticular
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supports
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location of reticular
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walls of liver, splee, and lymphatic organs
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function of dense connective
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binds organs
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location of dense connective
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tendons, ligaments, dermis
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function of elastic connective
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provides elastic quality
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location of elastic connective
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connecting parts of the spinal column, in walls of arteries and airways
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function of hyaline cartilage
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supports, protects, provides framework
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location of hyaline cartilage
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ends of bones, nose, and rings in walls of respiratory passages
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function of elastic cartilage
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supports, protects, provides flexible framework
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location of elastic cartilage
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outter ear and part of larynx
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function of fibrocartilage
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shock absorber
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location of fibrocartilage
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between bony parts of spinal column, parts of pelvic girdle and knee
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location and function of bone
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-bones of skeleton, middle ear
-supports, protects, provides framework |
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location and function of blood
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-throughout the body within a closed system of blood vessels and heart chambers
-transports gases, defends against diseases, clotting |
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Cardiac Muscle
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-striated
-1 nucleus -involuntary -intercalated discs |
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Skeletal Muscle
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-striated
-multi-nucleited -voluntary -motorneurons |
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Smooth Muscle
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-lacks striations
-1 nucleus -involuntary -digestive system -arrector pilli muscle |
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Neurons
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excitable message sending to cells of nervous tissue
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Neuroglial Cells
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smaller than neurons and care takers of the larger cell type, the neurons
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axon
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fires chemical messages, communicates with glands and muscles
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dendrites
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recievers of chemical messages, has hairlike projections to increase the surface area.
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Motorneuron
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stimulate other neurons, output
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sensory neurons
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input
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Kertinization
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hardening of cells
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Vitamin D
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Calcitriol
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Chondromucoprotein
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catilage snot
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Minisci
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shock absorber for knee
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Intervertbral
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shock absorber of back
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Stratum Basale/Germinativum
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closest to basement membrane
-the nursery |
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Stratum Corneum
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outer most layers of epidermis
-dead cells |
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melanocytes
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provide pigments
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conduction
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lose of body heat w/ cool object
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convection
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heat rises, replaced by cold air
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radiation
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radiate heat into the environment
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evaporation
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bringing moisture to the surface of body with air flow
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