Anatomy Ch 5,6,7

Front 1

skeletal system

Back 1

made up of many different types of connective tissue

Front 2

supporting connective tissue

Back 2

cartilage and bone

Front 3

cartilage

Back 3

consists of a firm gel matrix that contains complex polysaccharides called chondoitin sulfates

Front 4

chondrocytes

Back 4

(cartilage cells), only cells found within cartilage matrix

Front 5

lacunae

Back 5

small chambers in which cartilage cells live

Front 6

cartilage grows by two mechanisms

Back 6

1) appositional growth - growth from the surface
2) interstitial gowth - growth from within

Front 7

hyaline

Back 7

function: provides support and reduces friction between bony surfaces

location: ribes and sternum; joints; supports larynx, trachea and bronchi; nasal septum

Front 8

elastic

Back 8

function: provides support but tolerates distortion

location: ear; epiglottis; auditory canal; larynx

Front 9

fibrocartilage

Back 9

resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact and limits relative movement

location: knee joint, pubic bone, and intervertebral discs

Front 10

bone

Back 10

osseous tissue
- specialized cell
- protein fibers
- fluid ground substance

Front 11

skeletal system functions

Back 11

1) structural support for body
2) storage of minerals (calcium) and lipids (yellow marrow)
3) hemopoiesis - production of blood cells within red marrow
4) protection of delicate tissues and organs
5) leverage

Front 12

bone matrix

Back 12

major mass of bone, 98%
- calcium hydroxyapatite: inorgainc crystals that give bone its compressional strength
- collagen fibers: give bone tensil strength

Front 13

bone cells

Back 13

2% of bone mass

Front 14

osteocyte

Back 14

mature bone cell that maintains bone matrix

Front 15

osteoblast

Back 15

immature bone cell that secretes organic components of matrix
- make new bone

Front 16

osteoprogenitor cell

Back 16

stem cell whose divisions produce osteoblasts

Front 17

osteoclast

Back 17

multinucleate cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix

Front 18

compact bone

Back 18

aka lamellar bone; dense, solid bone

Front 19

compact bone arrangement

Back 19

- osteocyets arranged in lamellae layers arranged around central canal
- osteocytes occupy lacunae spaces in which canaliculi radiate from
- osteon basic functional unit
- perforating canals run perpendicular

Front 20

spongy bone arrangement

Back 20

parallel lamellae form thin, braching plates called trabeculae
- no osteons

Front 21

periosteum

Back 21

connective tissue layer covering outer surface of bone; functions:
1) isolate and protect bone froms surrounding tissue
2) provide route and place of attachment for circulatory and nerve supply
3) actively participates in bone growth and repair
4) attaches bone to connective tissue network of deep fascia

Front 22

endosteum

Back 22

lines medullary cavity inside bone - contains osteoprogenitor cells, covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines inner surfaces of central canals
function: active during bone growth and repair

Front 23

osteogenesis

Back 23

bone formation

Front 24

ossification

Back 24

process of replacing other tissues with bone

Front 25

mesenchyme

Back 25

embryonic/fetal connective tissue

Front 26

calcification

Back 26

deposition of calcium salts within tissue

Front 27

intramembranous ossification

Back 27

aka dermal ossification, begins when mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts inthin embryonic or fibrous connective tissues
- occurs in dermis
- bones called dermal or membranous bones
ex) skull, collarbone, jaw, kneecap

Front 28

endochondral ossification

Back 28

begins with formation of hyaline cartilage
ex) limb development, long bones

Front 29

nutrient artery and vein

Back 29

penetrate the shaft to reach the medullary cavity

Front 30

metaphyseal vessels

Back 30

supply blood to the inner diaphyseal surface of each epiphyseal cartilage

Front 31

epiphyseal vessels

Back 31

run through the numerous smaller foramina opening in the epiphyseal ends; supply osseous tissue and medullary cavities of epiphyses

Front 32

periosteal vessels

Back 32

incorporated into developing bone surface and provide blood to superficial osteons of shaft

Front 33

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 33

stimulates osteoclast and osteoblast activity, increases rate of calcium absorption along intestine and reduces rate of calcium loss in urine
- requires calcitrol

Front 34

C thyrocytes (C cells)

Back 34

within thyroid of children an pregnant women secrete calcitonin which inhibits osteoclasts and increases rate of calcium loss in urine

Front 35

calcitriol

Back 35

active form of vitamin D synthesized in kidneys

Front 36

Fosamax

Back 36

Generic Name: Alendronate Sodium

Drug Class: Bisphosphonate - Osteoporosis Agent

Front 37

osteopenia

Back 37

inadequate ossification; everyone becomes slightly osteopenic as they age

Front 38

osteoporosis

Back 38

reduction in bone mass and microstructural changes that compromise normal function and increase susceptibility to fractures

Front 39

number of bones in human skeleton

Back 39

206

Front 40

flat bone

Back 40

thin, roughly parallel surfaces of compact bone; strong and light bones; provide protection for underlying soft tissue; offer surface area for muscle attachment
ex) skull bones, sternum, and scapula

Front 41

pneumatized bones

Back 41

hollow bones that contain many pockets
ex) ethmoid

Front 42

irregular bone

Back 42

complex shapes with short, flat, notched or ridged surfaces
ex) skull bones and vertebrae

Front 43

short bones

Back 43

box-like appearance, external surface covered by compact bone, interior spongy bone
ex)carpals and tarsals

Front 44

sesamoid bone

Back 44

small, round and flat; develop inside tendon; near a joint
ex) patella

Front 45

long bone

Back 45

long and slender; diaphysis, 2 metaphyses, 2 epiphyses, marrow cavity
ex) humerus, radius and ulna, femur, and tibia and fibula

Front 46

axial skeleton

Back 46

- acts as framework that suppports and protects organs within dorsal and ventral body cavities
- provides attachment for major body muscles
- forms longitudinal axis of body
- comprises roughly 40% (80) of bones

Front 47

skull components

Back 47

associated bones, cranium, and face

Front 48

associated bones

Back 48

7
- 6 auditory ossicles
- hyoid bone

Front 49

cranium

Back 49

8
- 1 occipital bone
- 2 parietal bones
- 1 frontal bone
- 2 temporal bones
- 1 sphenoid
- 1 ethmoid

Front 50

face

Back 50

14
- 2 maxillae
- 2 palantine
- 2 nasal bones
- 2 inferior nasal conchae
- 2 zygomatic bones
- 2 lacrimal bones
- 1 vomer
- 1 mandible

Front 51

primary curve

Back 51

fetal curve, present from time of fetal development
- thoracic
- sacral

Front 52

secondary curve

Back 52

curve because of what we do
- cervical because lift head
- lumbar because stand upright

Front 53

cervical

Back 53

- secondary cure
- 7 vertebrae

Front 54

thoracic

Back 54

- primary curve
- 12 vertebrae

Front 55

lumbar

Back 55

- secondary curve
- 5 vertebrae

Front 56

sacral

Back 56

- primary curve
- 5 fused vertebrae

Front 57

coccygeal

Back 57

3-5 fused vertebrae

Front 58

kyphosis

Back 58

normal thoracic curve becomes exaggerated posteriorly, producing a roundback appearance

Front 59

lordosis

Back 59

"sway back," both abdomen and butt protrude abnormally

Front 60

scoliosis

Back 60

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine; most common distortion of spine

Front 61

appendicular skeleton

Back 61

-gives individuals control over environment
- changes body's position in space
- provides mobility
- comprises 60% of bones (126)