Anatomy Ch. 4

Front 1

2 classifications of body membranes

Back 1

1. epithelial membranes
2. connective tissue membranes

Front 2

cutaneous membrane -

Back 2

skin

Front 3

Types of epitheliam membranes

Back 3

1. cutaneous
2. mucous
3. serous

Front 4

Cutaneous is a type of __ membrane

Back 4

epithelial

Front 5

mucous is a type of __ membrane

Back 5

epithelial

Front 6

serous is a type of __ membrane

Back 6

epithelial

Front 7

characteristics of mucous membranes

Back 7

1. lines all body cavities open to the exterior
2. moist and open to secretion such as mucus

Front 8

Examples of organs open to the exterior

Back 8

organs of respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

Front 9

Serous membranes line __.

Back 9

all body cavities closed to the exterior

Front 10

characteristics of the serous membranes

Back 10

1. lines body cavities closed to the exterior
2. occur in pairs
serous fluid separates two layers

Front 11

Examples of serous membranes

Back 11

1. peritoneum (abdonimal cavitiy)
2. Pleura (lungs)
3. Pericardium (heart)

Front 12

Occur in pairs of serous membrane

Back 12

Parietal layer lines wall of ventral body cavity, then folds on itself to form visceral layer which covers outside wall of an organ

Front 13

type of connective tissue membrane

Back 13

synovial membrane

Front 14

characteristics of synovial membrane

Back 14

Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths

Front 15

Basic skin functions (7)

Back 15

1. Insulates and cushions deeper organs
2. Protects body from mechanical damage, chemicals, thermal damage, ultraviolet radiation, and bacteria
3. Upper layer is full of keratin and cornified (hardened) to prevent water loss
4. Regulates heat loss (sweat and capillaries)
5. Mini-excretory system (sweat)
6. Synthesizes vitamin D with sunlight
7. Provides information about external environment (nerves)

Front 16

Two major strucutres of the skin

Back 16

Epidermis and dermis

Front 17

The epidermis is what?

Back 17

Avasular, epithelial tissue

Front 18

Layers of the epidermis

Back 18

1. Stratus basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. stratum corneum

Front 19

Germinativum is another name for what?

Back 19

Stratus basale

Front 20

Characteristics of stratus basale

Back 20

1. deepest layer
2. produces millions of cells daily
3. cells move upward to form next layers and increase their amount of keratin

Front 21

characteristics of stratum lucidum

Back 21

Only found in thick, hairless skin areas

Front 22

characteristics of stratum corneum

Back 22

1. outermost and thickest layer
2. all cells are dead because of their distance from blood cells
3. cells completely filled with keratin

Front 23

Melanin-

Back 23

pigment made by melanocytes to protect against ultraviolet radiation

Front 24

The dermis is what?

Back 24

made of connective tissue

Front 25

2 layers of the dermis

Back 25

Papillary layer and reticular layer

Front 26

chracteristics of the papillary layer

Back 26

1. upper layer
2. dermal papillae

Front 27

What are dermal papillae?

Back 27

Projections into epidermis which supply nutrients or house pain and touch receptors, responsible for fingerprints

Front 28

characteristics of reticular layer

Back 28

1. deepest sin layer
2. contains blood vells, sweat and oil glands, and pressure receptors

Front 29

Pacinian corpuscles are what?

Back 29

pressure receptors

Front 30

Pacinian corpuscles are part of what layer of the skin?

Back 30

reticular layer

Front 31

__ and __ are found throughout the dermis

Back 31

collagen and elastic fibers

Front 32

Collagen and elastic fibers are found throughout the dermis to __ and __.

Back 32

Give toughness and flexibility

Front 33

What 3 pigments contribute to skin color?

Back 33

1. melanin
2. carotene
3. hemoglobin

Front 34

3 colors of melanin

Back 34

yellow, brown, and black

Front 35

color of carotene

Back 35

orange-yellow

Front 36

characteristics of hemoglobin

Back 36

carries oxygen and causes rosy glow in light-skinned people

Front 37

Appendages of the skin

Back 37

1. cutaneous glands
2. hair and hair follicles
3. Nails

Front 38

Cutaneous glands -

Back 38

all exocrine glands

Front 39

Characteristics of sebaceous (oil) glands

Back 39

1. found everywhere except on palsm of hands and soles of feet
2. release sebum (an oil), a lubricant that keeps skin soft and moist and also can kill bacteria

Front 40

Acne is an infection of these glands

Back 40

sebaceous (oil) glands

Front 41

two types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands

Back 41

1. eccrine
2. apocrine

Front 42

Eccrine glands -

Back 42

-found everywhere
-produce sweat which fuctions in waste removal and heat regulation

Front 43

apocrine glands -

Back 43

found in axillary and genital regions, produces a type of sweat that also contains proteins and fatty acids, exact function unknown

Front 44

Hair and hair follicles -

Back 44

minor protectice functions, hair has lost much of its importance to humans

Front 45

follice -

Back 45

produces hair

Front 46

root-

Back 46

part of hair enclosed by follicle

Front 47

shaft -

Back 47

part projected out of skin

Front 48

hair bulb -

Back 48

hair cells divide here, pushed outward, keratinized, and die

Front 49

Arrector pili -

Back 49

muscles on either side of follicle connecting it to dermal tissue, contractions cause "goose bumps"

Front 50

characteristics of nails

Back 50

1. scale-like modification of the epidermis
2. nail cells heavily keratinized after production and die like hair cells

Front 51

Infections and allergies -

Back 51

over 1,000 different ailments include athlete's foot, boils, cold sores, contact dermatitis (poison ivy), ipetigo, psoriasis

Front 52

Burns are caused by

Back 52

intense heat, electricity, UV radiation, or certain chemicals

Front 53

Burns cause what?

Back 53

loss of fluid

Front 54

Rule of nines -

Back 54

estimates amount of fluid lost to burns by dividing body into 11 areas each account for 9% of body plus 1% for pubic area

Front 55

Burns do what?

Back 55

Open the body to infection

Front 56

Classification of burns

Back 56

1st, 2nd, 3rd

Front 57

1st degree burn -

Back 57

only epidermis damaged ex. sunburn

Front 58

2nd degree burn -

Back 58

involves epidermis and uppper layer of dermis, skin developes blisters

Front 59

3rd degree burn -

Back 59

entire thickness of sin destroyed, no pain, skin grafts must be used because regeneration is not possible

Front 60

Skin cancer is caused by what?

Back 60

exposure to UV rays, frequent skin infections, chemicals, or physical trauma

Front 61

3 types of cancer

Back 61

1. basal cell carcinoma
2. squamous cell carcinoma
3. malignant melanoma

Front 62

characteristics of basal cell carcinoma

Back 62

1. most common and least malignant
2. arises from statum basale
3. appear most often on sun-exposed region of skin
4 full cure in 99% (5 year rate) of cases surgically removed

Front 63

characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma

Back 63

1. believed to be caused by the sun
2. arises from statum spinosum
3. found on scalp, ears, lower lip, and back of hands
4. Metatisizes faster than basal cell, but cure rate is good if faught early (90-97% for 5 yr. rate depending on area affected and procedure used to cure)

Front 64

Characteristics of malignant melanoma

Back 64

1. cancer of melanocytes
2. Only 5% of skin cancers but very deadly (5 year cure rate 7-100% depending on state)

Front 65

How to detect skin cancer

Back 65

1. asymmetry
2. border irregularity
3. color
4. diameter

Front 66

In youth, skin is _.

Back 66

thick, resilient, and well hydrated

Front 67

__ and __ occur with aging

Back 67

balding and graying

Front 68

As we age, skin becomes _

Back 68

thin and it loses elasticity

Front 69

Balding and graying occur with aging and are caused by _.

Back 69

genetic factors, stress, or drugs.