Anatomy Ch. 11

Front 1

3 types of muscle

Back 1

skeletal

cardiac

smooth

Front 2

5 characteristics of muscle

Back 2

responsiveness

conductivity

contractility

extensibility

elasticity

Front 3

ability to respond to chemical signals

Back 3

responsiveness

Front 4

ability to carry electrical signal

Back 4

conductivity

Front 5

ability to shorten when stimulated

Back 5

contractility

Front 6

ability to return to original resting length after being stretched

Back 6

elasticity

Front 7

voluntary, striated, attaches to bones

Back 7

skeletal muscle

Front 8

2 connective tissue elements

Back 8

collagen, elastic components

Front 9

outer membrane

Back 9

sarcolemma

Front 10

group of myofilaments

Back 10

myofibril

Front 11

produce energy

Back 11

mitochondria

Front 12

release calcium

Back 12

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 13

store calcium

Back 13

terminal cisternae

Front 14

carry electrical current from muscle to nerves

Back 14

transverse tubule

Front 15

store glycogen and myoglobin

Back 15

sarcoplasm

Front 16

smalls functional unit that can contract

Back 16

sarcomere

Front 17

distance of sarcomere

Back 17

z disc to z disc

Front 18

Dark band

Back 18

A band

Front 19

light band

Back 19

I band

Front 20

A bands are made of _____ filaments

Back 20

thick

Front 21

I bands are made of ______ filaments

Back 21

thin

Front 22

the Z disc is found in the ____ band

Back 22

I

Front 23

The H band is found in the ____ band

Back 23

A

Front 24

The H band is made entirely of _____ filaments

Back 24

thick

Front 25

Filament made of myosin

Back 25

thick filament

Front 26

the thick filament head is also known as

Back 26

cross bridge

Front 27

thick filaments contain this enzyme

Back 27

ATPase

Front 28

catalyzes conversion of ATP to chemical energy

Back 28

ATPase

Front 29

3 things that make up thin filament

Back 29

actin, troponin, tropomyosin

Front 30

Individual beads in thin filaments are

Back 30

G actin

Front 31

G actin beads form a band of

Back 31

F actin

Front 32

the long string attached to thin filaments is

Back 32

troponin

Front 33

myosin and actin are ____ proteins

Back 33

contractile

Front 34

tropomyosin and troponin are _____ proteins

Back 34

regulatory

Front 35

springy proteins called ____ make up the elastic components

Back 35

titin

Front 36

nervous system under conscious control

Back 36

somatic NS

Front 37

Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are found in 2 places

Back 37

brainstem

spinal cord

Front 38

axons of somatic motor neurons are also called

Back 38

somatic motor fibers

Front 39

each motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates

Back 39

motor unit

Front 40

Small motor units contain as few as 20 muscle fibers per nerve fiber

Back 40

fine control

Front 41

example of fine control

Back 41

eye muscles

Front 42

gastrocnemius muscle has 1000 fibers per nerve fiber

Back 42

strength control

Front 43

functional connection btwn nerve fiber and muscle cell

Back 43

neuromuscular junction (synapse)

Front 44

swollen end of nerve fiber

Back 44

synaptic knob

Front 45

contains acetylcholine

Back 45

synaptic knob

Front 46

increase surface area for acetylcholine receptors

Back 46

junctional folds in sarcolemma

Front 47

tiny gap between nerve and muscle cells

Back 47

synaptic cleft

Front 48

thin layer of collagen and glycoprotein over all muscle fibers

Back 48

basal lamina

Front 49

this toxin binds to ach esterase to prevent it from degrading ach

Back 49

pesticides

Front 50

2 effects of pesticides

Back 50

spastic paralysis

suffocation

Front 51

spastic paralysis caused by clostridium bacteria

Back 51

tetanus

lockjaw

Front 52

limp muscles due to curare that competes with ach

Back 52

flaccid paralysis

Front 53

possible effect of flaccid paralysis

Back 53

respiratory arrest

Front 54

cells wrapped around neuron's axis

Back 54

schwann cells

Front 55

moving charged particles

Back 55

current flow

Front 56

chemical-electrical stimulus

Back 56

action potential

Front 57

concentration gradient of charged particles

Back 57

voltage

Front 58

movement/flow of electrons

Back 58

current

Front 59

dead muscle, no ATP, muscle can't relax

Back 59

Rigor Mortis

Front 60

stiffening of body occurs ____ hours after death

Back 60

3 to 4

Front 61

amount of tension generated depends on length before muscle stimulation

Back 61

length tension relationship

Front 62

overly contracted problem

Back 62

thick filaments can't slide

Front 63

too stretched problem

Back 63

little overlap of thick and thin

cross bridges can't form

Front 64

brief stimulus that produces a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation

Back 64

twitch

Front 65

3 phases of twitch

Back 65

latent

contraction

relaxation

Front 66

internal tension phase

Back 66

latent period

Front 67

external tension develops as muscle shortens

phase

Back 67

contraction phase

Front 68

loss of tension and length, calcium returns to SR

phase

Back 68

relaxation phase

Front 69

twitch has time to recover but develops more tension than before

Back 69

teppe

Front 70

no time to relax, smooth prolonged contraction

Back 70

tetanus

Front 71

contraction that develops tension without changing length

Back 71

isometric

Front 72

contraction

tension while shortening

Back 72

concentric isotonic

Front 73

contraction

tension while lengthening

Back 73

Eccentric isotonic

Front 74

All muscle contraction depends on

Back 74

ATP

Front 75

2 pathways of ATP Synthesis

Back 75

anaerobic fermentation

aerobic respiration

Front 76

no oxygen required

produces lactic acid

Back 76

anaerobic fermentation

Front 77

requires continuous oxygen supply

produces CO2 and H2O

Back 77

aerobic respiration

Front 78

initially in exercise, oxygen need is supplied by

Back 78

myoglobin

Front 79

2 parts of phosphagen system

Back 79

myokinase transfers P from one ADP to another

creatine kinase transfers P from creatine phosphate to ADP

Front 80

Short term energy needs are supplied by

Back 80

the glycogen lactic acid system

Front 81

in the lactic acid system muscles obtain glucose from ____ and ____

Back 81

blood

stored glycogen

Front 82

for prolonged exercise, energy needs are met by

Back 82

aerobic respiration

Front 83

limits on aerobic respiration are set by depletion of ______ and _____ and loss of _____ and ______

Back 83

glycogen, blood glucose

fluid, electrolytes

Front 84

progressive weakness from use

Back 84

fatigue

Front 85

ATP synthesis ______ as oxygen is consumed

Back 85

declines

Front 86

Sodium potassium pumps fail to maintain _______ and _______

Back 86

membrane potential

excitability

Front 87

Lactic acid_______ enzyme function

Back 87

inhibits

Front 88

accumulation of _____ ______ hyper polarizes the cell

Back 88

extracellular potassium

Front 89

Ability to maintain high intensity exercise for more than 5 min

Back 89

endurance

Front 90

endurance is determined by

Back 90

maximum oxygen uptake

Front 91

heavy breathing after strenuous exercise

Back 91

oxygen debt

Front 92

oxygen reconverts ____ to _____ in the ____ and ___

Back 92

lactic acid to glucose in the kidneys and liver

Front 93

Slow twitch fibers have more (3 things)

Back 93

capillaries

mitochondria

myoglobin

Front 94

fibers adapted for aerobic respiration

Back 94

slow twitch fibers

Front 95

fibers resistant to fatigue

Back 95

slow twitch fibers

Front 96

these fibers are rich in enzymes

Back 96

fast twitch

Front 97

an example of resistance training is

Back 97

weight training

Front 98

resistance training grows cells from synthesis of

Back 98

more myofilaments

Front 99

an example of endurance training is

Back 99

aerobic exercise

Front 100

endurance training causes increases in 3 things

Back 100

mitochondria

glycogen

density of capillaries

Front 101

thick cells w/ notched ends

Back 101

cardiac muscle cells

Front 102

cardiac cells are linked to each other at (2 names)

Back 102

intercalated discs

gap junctions

Front 103

the SR is more/less developed in cardiac muscle

Back 103

less

Front 104

Cardiac muscle has large/small T Tubules

Back 104

large

Front 105

damaged cardiac cells repair by ____ not ____

Back 105

fibrosis

mitosis

Front 106

cardiac muscle cells are considered autorhythmic due to

Back 106

pacemaker cells

Front 107

smooth muscle has what shape of cells?

Back 107

fusiform

Front 108

how many nuclei per cell in smooth muscle?

Back 108

1

Front 109

no striations, sarcomeres, or z discs

Back 109

smooth muscle

Front 110

where does calcium come from for smooth muscle?

Back 110

extracellular fluid

Front 111

if present, the nerve supply for smooth muscle is

Back 111

autonomic

Front 112

units of smooth muscle with independent contractions

Back 112

multiunit

Front 113

large number of cells contracting as a unit

Back 113

single-unit smooth muscle

Front 114

smooth muscle

involuntary or voluntary

Back 114

involuntary

Front 115

contracts w/o nerve stimulation

Back 115

smooth muscle

Front 116

beadlike swellings of autonomic nerve fibers

Back 116

varicosities

Front 117

in smooth muscle contraction, ____ filaments pull on _____ filaments attached to ____ bodies

Back 117

thin

intermediate

dense

Front 118

ability to adjust tension to degree of stretch

Back 118

plasticity