Anatomy Ch. 1 & Ch. 2 - Exam (Vocab/things To Know, Etc.)

Front 1

Smallest units of Matter are ______.

Back 1

atoms

Front 2

Two or more atoms combine to form a ___________.

Back 2

molecule

Front 3

Large molecules join in specific ways to form _____.

Back 3

Cells

Front 4

____________, are the basic units of structure and function in organisms.

Back 4

Cells

Front 5

___________, are precise organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions.

Back 5

Tissues

Front 6

The four types of tissues are:

Back 6

1). Epithelial Tissue
2). Connective Tissue
3). Muscle Tissue
4). Nervous Tissue

Front 7

_______, contain two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions.

Back 7

Organs

Front 8

The _______ _________ _______, consists of related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function.

Back 8

Organ System Level

Front 9

Everything is made up of ________.

Back 9

Matter

Front 10

The atoms that make up our mass are:

Back 10

Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen

Front 11

The four macromolecules that make up organelles are:

Back 11

1). Proteins
2). Carbohydrates
3). Lipids
4). Nucleic Acid

Front 12

Define: Cytology

Back 12

study of cells

Front 13

Define: Histology

Back 13

study of tissues

Front 14

Define: Anatomy

Back 14

study of structure

Front 15

What does Anatomy mean?

Back 15

To cut something up

Front 16

Several properties or features that are common to all organisms are:

Back 16

1). Organization
2). Metabolism
3). Growth and Development
4). Responsiveness
5). Regulation
6). Reproduction

Front 17

Provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss

Back 17

Integumentary System (skin)

Front 18

Provides support and movement

Back 18

Skeletal System

Front 19

Produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract

Back 19

Muscular System

Front 20

Controls body movement. Helps with Integration and coordination.

Back 20

Nervous System

Front 21

Uses chemical messengers to maintain homeostasis

Back 21

Endocrine System

Front 22

Transports things to and from the cells

Back 22

Cardiovascular System

Front 23

Transports and filters fluids away from the cells (one-way)

Back 23

Lymphatic System

Front 24

Absorbs oxygen and excretes carbon dioxide. Helps maintain homeostasis

Back 24

Respiratory System

Front 25

Absorbs nutrients, excretes wastes that are not able to be digested.

Back 25

Digestive System

Front 26

Filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood. Absorbs, reabsorbs.

Back 26

Urinary System

Front 27

Produces sex cells

Back 27

Male or Female Reproductive System

Front 28

Specific body position in which an individual stands upright w/ the feet parallel and flat on the floor. The body is upright, forearms are positioned so palms are facing forward.

Back 28

Anatomic Position

Front 29

Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Back 29

Coronal Plane

Front 30

cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ. Body or organ is separated into both superior and inferior parts.

Back 30

Transverse Plane

Front 31

extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves.

Back 31

Sagittal Plane

Front 32

Plane that passes through the specimen at an angle.

Back 32

Oblique Plane

Front 33

ADT: In front of; toward the front surface

Back 33

Anterior (EX: The stomach is anterior to the spinal cord)

Front 34

ADT: In back of; toward the back surface

Back 34

Posterior (EX: The hear is posterior to the sternum)

Front 35

ADT: At the back side of the human body

Back 35

Dorsal (EX: The spinal cord is on the dorsal side of the body)

Front 36

ADT: At the belly side of the human body

Back 36

Ventral (EX: The umbilicus (belly button) is on the ventral side of the body)

Front 37

ADT: Toward the head or above

Back 37

Superior (EX: The chest is superior to the pelvis)

Front 38

ADT: Toward the feet not head

Back 38

Inferior (EX: The stomach is inferior to the heart)

Front 39

ADT: At the rear or tail end

Back 39

Caudal (EX: The abdomen is caudal to the head)

Front 40

ADT: At the head end

Back 40

Cranial (EX: The head is cranial to the trunk)

Front 41

ADT: Toward the midline of the body

Back 41

Medial (EX: The lungs are medial to the shoulders)

Front 42

ADT: Away from the midline of the body

Back 42

Lateral (EX: The arms are lateral to the heart)

Front 43

ADT: On the inside, underneath another structure

Back 43

Deep (EX: Muscles are deep to the skin)

Front 44

ADT: On the outside

Back 44

Superficial (EX: The external edge of the kidney is superficial to its internal structure)

Front 45

ADT: Closest to point of attachment to the trunk

Back 45

Proximal (EX: The elbow is proximal to the hand)

Front 46

ADT: Furthest from point of attachment to trunk

Back 46

Distal (EX: The wrist is distal to the elbow)

Front 47

Includes the head, neck, and trunk; it forms the main vertical axis of our body.

Back 47

Axial Region

Front 48

Limbs, appendages, attach to the body's axis and make up the _______ _________.

Back 48

Appendicular Region

Front 49

Formed by the cranium and houses the brain

Back 49

Cranial Cavity

Front 50

Formed by the individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord

Back 50

Vertebral Canal

Front 51

The serous membrane is composed of two layers, the _________ layer and ___________ layer.

Back 51

Parietal; Visceral

Front 52

Lines the internal surface of the body wall

Back 52

Parietal Layer

Front 53

Covers the external surface of organs within the cavity

Back 53

Visceral Layer

Front 54

thin, moist, delicate membranes. Isolates and reduces friction.

Back 54

Serous membrane

Front 55

Serous membrane that surrounds the heart

Back 55

Pericardium

Front 56

moist, two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity

Back 56

peritoneum

Front 57

Superior region in the middle column, typically contains part of the liver, stomach, etc.

Back 57

Epigastric Region

Front 58

Middle region in the middle column, typically contains colon, small intestine, etc.

Back 58

Umbilical Region

Front 59

Inferior region in the middle column, typically contains part of the small intestine, bladder, etc

Back 59

Hypogastric Region

Front 60

superior region lateral to the epigastric region. typically contains liver, gallbladder, etc.

Back 60

Right & Left hypocondriac region

Front 61

Middle regions lateral to the umbilical region

Back 61

Right and left Lumbar regions

Front 62

the inferior regions lateral to the hypogastric region.

Back 62

Right and left iliac regions

Front 63

state of equilibrium, or constant interval environment in the body

Back 63

Homeostasis

Front 64

four areas of the abdominopelvic cavity that are formed by passing one vertical and one horizontal line through the navel.

Back 64

Abdominopelvic Quadrant

Front 65

nine areas in the abdominiopelvic cavity that are formed by two transverse planes and two parasagittal planes

Back 65

Abdominopelvic Regions

Front 66

outer limits of the cell

Back 66

cell membrane

Front 67

all cellular contents located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; stores nutrients and dissolved solutes

Back 67

cytoplasm

Front 68

three components of the cytoplasm are

Back 68

cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

Front 69

cell's control center. controls protein synthesis and directs the functional and structural characteristics of the cell

Back 69

nucleus

Front 70

provides support for organelles

Back 70

cytosol

Front 71

carries out specific metabolic activities of the cell

Back 71

organelles

Front 72

Name all the "Membrane-Bound" Organelles

Back 72

Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Nucleus

Front 73

Name all the "Non-Membrane" Organelles

Back 73

Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton, Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, Microtubules, Cetrosome, Centrioles, Cilia, Flagellum, Microvilli, and Inclusions

Front 74

fixed ribosomes; produces proteins. surrounds the nucleus

Back 74

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 75

interconnected membrane sacs; has no ribosomes so it does not produce proteins. instead produces lipids

Back 75

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 76

modifies, segregates, and stores proteins

Back 76

Golgi Apparatus

Front 77

produces ATP. "Powerhouse" of the cell

Back 77

Mitochondria

Front 78

Digest materials or microbes ingested by the cell

Back 78

Lysosomes

Front 79

detoxifies toxins; converts hydrogen peroxide formed during metabolism to water

Back 79

Peroxisomes

Front 80

cell control center. controls all genetic information. inside is DNA

Back 80

Nucleus

Front 81

loosely coiled DNA

Back 81

chromatin

Front 82

produces Proteins

Back 82

Ribosomes

Front 83

the only function during Mitosis. Splits up chromosomes during nuclear division.

Back 83

Centrioles

Front 84

Increase the surface area of absorption. Only certain cells have this.

Back 84

Microvilli

Front 85

Move substances across cell surface

Back 85

Cilia

Front 86

propelles sperm cell

Back 86

Flagellum

Front 87

store materials

Back 87

Inclusions

Front 88

provides structural support; helps cells move and provides structural support

Back 88

Cytoskeleton

Front 89

Materials that are insoluble in water

Back 89

Lipids

Front 90

Lipids which contain both water-soluble and water-insoluble regions

Back 90

Phospholipids

Front 91

a type of lipid called a steroid

Back 91

Cholesterol

Front 92

lipids with attached carbohydrate groups

Back 92

Glycolipids

Front 93

complex, diverse molecules composed of chains of smaller molecules called amino acids.

Back 93

Proteins

Front 94

Molecules that are important for functional or metabolic activities in the cell

Back 94

Enzymes

Front 95

What are the four Functions of the Plasma Membrane?

Back 95

1). Communication
2). Intercellular Connection
3). Physical Barrier
4). Selective Permeability

Front 96

Substances move across a plasma membrane without the expenditure of energy by the cell

Back 96

Passive Transport

Front 97

the tendency of molecules to move down their concentration gradient; molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration

Back 97

Diffusion

Front 98

Molecules are spread out evenly into the available space on each side of the membrane

Back 98

Equilibrium

Front 99

When substances move across membranes unaided b/c they are either small or nonpolar

Back 99

Simple Diffusion

Front 100

type of passive transport in which water diffuses from one side of the selectively permeable membrane to the other

Back 100

Osmosis

Front 101

liquids that have substances

Back 101

Solvents

Front 102

Movement of a substance across a plasma membrane against a concentration gradient, so materials are moved from an area or low concentration to an area of high concentration

Back 102

Active Transport

Front 103

means by which large molecules are secreted from the cell

Back 103

Exocytosis

Front 104

cellular uptake of large particulate substances and macromolecules is called________.

Back 104

endocytosis

Front 105

What are the three forms of Endocytosis?

Back 105

1). Phagocytosis
2). Pinocytosis
3). Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Front 106

Movement of materials too large to pass through membrane channels

Back 106

Facilitated Diffusion

Front 107

Movement of solvents and solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Back 107

Bulk Filtration

Front 108

(low to high) Transport of ions across the membrane against a concentration gradient by transmembrane protein pumps

Back 108

Ion Pumps

Front 109

Enormous macromolecule that contains the genetic material of the cell

Back 109

DNA

Front 110

Series of events cell undergoes from time cell is made until it is produced

Back 110

Cell Cycle

Front 111

90% of cell cycle; when cell grows and stays here

Back 111

Interphase

Front 112

Division of the nucleus

Back 112

Mitosis

Front 113

First gap phase: Growth Phase

Back 113

G1 phase

Front 114

Nuclear DNA is replicated

Back 114

S Phase

Front 115

Second gap phase; Brief growth period for production of cell division enzymes

Back 115

G2 phase

Front 116

Chromatin threads appear due to coiling and condensation; nuclear envelope disappears; centrioles move toward opposing cell poles

Back 116

Prophase

Front 117

Chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate of the cell

Back 117

Metaphase

Front 118

Centromeres that held chromatid pairs together separate

Back 118

Anaphase

Front 119

Chromosomes arrive at cellular poles and stop moving; Nucleoli reappear

Back 119

Telophase