Anatomy: Ch. 1, 4, 12, 13 (Quiz #1)

Front 1

What are the 11 systems of the human body?

Back 1

1) Integumentary
2) Skeletal
3) Muscular
4) Endocrine
5) Nervous
6) Digestive
7) Urinary
8) Cardiovascular
9) Lymphatic
10) Respiratory
11) Reproductive

Front 2

Integumentary system?

Back 2

Skin, hair, sweat/oil glands

Protects the body, regulate body temp, eliminates some waste, Vitamin D, detects sensations

Front 3

Skeletal system?

Back 3

Bones, joints, assoc. cartilage

Supports/protects the body, SA for muscle attachment, body movement, produce blood cells, stores minerals/lipids

Front 4

Muscular system?

Back 4

Muscles

Body movement, generate heat, stabilize

Front 5

Nervous system?

Back 5

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs


Generates action potential, regulates body activities, interprets internal/external changes, cause muscle/gland contractions and secretions

Front 6

Endocrine system?

Back 6

Hormone producing glands

Regulates body activities by releasing hormones

Front 7

Digestive system?

Back 7

Organs of GI tract

Chemical and physical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid waste

Front 8

Cardiovascular system?

Back 8

Blood, heart, BV

Pump blood through BV, carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, regulates acid base, temperature, water, helps defend against disease, repair BV

Front 9

Urinary system?

Back 9

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra


Produces, stores, eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, maintains acid base balance of fluids, mineral balance, production of RBC

Front 10

Lymphatic system?

Back 10

Lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils

Returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from GI to blood, protects against disease causing microbes

Front 11

Reproductive system?

Back 11

Gonads

Produce gametes to form a new organism, release hormones to regulate reproduction, stores gametes

Front 12

Respiratory system?

Back 12

Lungs, passageways, bronchial tubes in and out of lungs

Transfers oxygen from air to blood and CO2 from blood to air, regulates acid-base balance of fluids, air flowing out of lungs, voice

Front 13

What are the 6 important life processes?

Back 13

1) Metabolism
2) Responsiveness
3) Movement
4) Growth
5) Differentiation (of cells)
6) Reproduction

Front 14

Components of a feedback system (3)?

Back 14

1) Receptor
2) Control center
3) Effector

Front 15

Negative Feedback

Back 15

Reverses a change in a controlled condition


Ex: blood pressure

Front 16

Positive Feedback

Back 16

Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions. It must be shut off externally, or it'll runaway.

Ex: childbirth

Front 17

What are the 4 body cavities?

Back 17

1) Cranial

2) Vertebral

3) Thoracic: pleural, pericardial, mediastinum

4) Abdominopelvic: abdominal, pelvic

Front 18

What are the 4 types of body tissues?

Back 18

1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscular
4) Nervous

Hint 18

1) Epithelial: covers surfaces, lines hollow cavities, forms glands

2) Connective: protects and supports, binds organs, stores as fat, provides immunity

3) Muscular: physical force for movement and heat

4) Nervous: detects changes in environment (in/external), activates muscle contract, gland secretion

Front 19

What are the 3 primary germ layers and what tissues do they form?

Back 19

1) Endoderm: epithelial
2) Ectoderm: epithelial & nervous
3) Mesoderm: epithelial, connective, muscle

Front 20

What are the 5 cell junctions?

Back 20

1) Tight
2) Gap
3) Adherens
4) Desmosomes
5) Hemidesmosomes

Hint 20

1) Tight: closed door (stomach lining, urinary bladder)

2) Gap: connexon tunnels (nerves, muscles, embryos)

3) Adherens (Anchoring): contains plaque, cadherins join the cells. RESISTS SEPARATION

4) Desmosomes: like adheren junction but plaque isn't attached to microfilaments but attached to intermediate filaments (keratin). Prevents separation under tension (skin, heart cells). CELL TO CELL

5) Hemidesmosomes: like desmosomes but don't link adjacent cells. Instead of cadherins, the integrins are attaching to the intermediate filaments and also attaches to basement membrane's laminin. CELL TO BASAL MEMBRANE

Front 21

The two types of epithelial tissue are?

Back 21

1) Covering/lining epithelium

2) Glandular epithelium

Front 22

Covering/lining epithelium classification by layers?

Back 22

1) Covering/Lining
-Simple: diffusion, absorb, filter, secrete, osmosis. SINGLE LAYER


-Pseudostratified: may have cilia, goblet cells for secretion. UNEVEN SINGLE LAYER


-Stratified: protects. MULTIPLE LAYERS

Front 23

Covering/lining epithelium classification by cell shape?

Back 23

-Squamous: rapid passage. FLAT TILES

-Cuboidal: secretion and absorption. CUBE OR HEXAGONAL

-Columnar: protects, secrete/absorbs a lot. RECTANGULAr

-Transitional: stretching and collapsing. FLAT TO CUBOIDAL

Front 24

Two classifications of glandular epithelium?

Back 24

1) Endocrine: enters the interstitial fluidand difffuses directly into bloodstream without flowing through duct (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal)

2) Exocrine: secrete their products into duct and empty on surface of skin or organ (sweat, mucous, saliva -- pancreas, ovaries)

Front 25

Structural classifications of glandular epithelium?

Back 25

Unicellular vs. Multicellular

Simple:
-Tubular: large intestine glands
-Branched Tubular: gastric glands
-Coiled tubular: sweat
-Acinar (rounded): penile urethra glands
-Branched acinar: sebaceous glands


Compound:
-Tubular: bulbourethral glands
-Acinar: mammary
-Tubuloacinar: acinar glands of pancreas

Front 26

Functional classifications of glandular epithelium (3)?

Back 26

1) Merocrine
2) Apocrine
3) Holocrine

Hint 26

1) Merocrine: vesicle is secreted (exorcrine glands of body)

2) Apocrine: pinching off (mammary glands, sweat glands)

3) Holocrine: stores then self-explodes (sebaceous gland)

Front 27

What are the two components of connective tissue?

Back 27

1) Extracellular matrix

2) Cells

Hint 27

1) ECM consists of protein fibers and ground substance

2) Cells - many types
-Fibroblasts: secretes components of ECM
-Adipocytes: stores triglycerides
-Mast cells: produce histamine which dilates BV, ingests and kills bacteria
-WBC: migrates from blood to CT, fights parasitic infection/allergies
-Macrophages: eats bacteria/cellular debris (can be fixed or wandering)
-Plasma cells: develops from B lymphocytes, secrete antibodies that attack/neutralize foreign substances in the body

Front 28

What are the two components of ECM?

Back 28

1) Ground substance

2) Fibers

Hint 28

1) Ground substance: can be fluid, jello, or calicified. Contains: water, polysaccharides and proteins (GAGs)

2) Fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular fibers

Front 29

Two types of embryonic CT

Back 29

1) Mesenchyme
2) Mucous CT

Front 30

3 types of Loose CT

Back 30

1) Areolar
2) Adipose
3) Reticular CT

Front 31

3 types of Dense CT

Back 31

1) Dense regular
2) Dense irregular
3) Elastic CT

Front 32

3 types of cartilage

Back 32

1) Hyaline
2) Fibrocartilage
3) Elastic cartilage

Front 33

Solid type of CT

Back 33

Bone tissue

Front 34

2 types of liquid CT

Back 34

1) Blood tissue
2) Lymph

Front 35

What are the 3 types of epithelial membranes?

Back 35

1) Mucous membrane
2) Serous membrane
3) Cutaneous membrane

Hint 35

1) Mucous: lines exterior openings. Serves as barrier against microbes, lubricates. AREOLAR CT

2) Serous: lines cavity not directly open to exterior. AREOLAR CT + SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

3) Cutaneous: superficial skin. KERATINIZED STRATEFIED SQUAMOUS

Front 36

What is synovial membrane?

Back 36

Membrane lining the cavity of freely moving joints, not open to exterior. Discontinuous layers of cells. Lubricates to move joints, cleans out debris

Front 37

What are the 3 types of muscular tissue?

Back 37

1) Skeletal
2) Cardiac
3) Smooth

Hint 37

1) Skeletal Muscle: attached to bone, striated, voluntary

2) Cardiac: forms wall of heart, involuntary, fiber w/ 1 nucleus

3) Smooth Muscle: walls of hollow internal structures like BV, lung airways, intestines, gallbladder, urinary bladder. Helps with constriction, involuntary, no striations, central nucleus

Front 38

The two types of nervous tissue cells.

Back 38

1) Neurons

2) Neuroglia

Hint 38

1) Neurons: sensitive to stimulus, convert stimuli to action potentials. Consists of cell body with dendrites and axons

2) Neuroglia: supportive

Front 39

How repairable are epithelial tissue? Connective? Muscular? Nervous?

Back 39

Epithelial = very repairable. Must be able to repair from external wear and tear

CT= good capacity, bone has ample blood supply. Cartilage is less repairable

Muscular= poor capacity, no satellite cells and fibers do not undergo mitosis

Nervous: poorest!