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120 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Homeostatic functions of blood: transportation
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transports needed nutrients and gases to cellsa dn transports waste products away fro cells
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Homeostatic functions of blood: proetection
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from microscopic organsism through phagocytosis and anyibodies; clots to protect against blood loss
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Homeostatic functions of blood: regulation
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of acid-base balace by neutralizing levels of co2, lactic acid, ect. regulates body tem, controls volume of blood flow to different areas.
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the alkaline of red blood cells
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7.35-7.45
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acidosis
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too acidic (too many H+)
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alkalosis
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too basic (too few H+)
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average volume of blood in males and females?
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male: 5-6 females: 4-5
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blood is made up of:
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92% h20 & 8% dissolved elements
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components of plasma
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vary based on cell's needs.
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An anucleate cell
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red blood cell
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hermatocit
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percent of RBC's to total blood volume; 1000 RBC: 1 WBC
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function of erythrocytes
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transports 02 (&CO2)
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hemoglobin
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iron containing protein on RBC's; carries O2
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before birth you make RBCs in
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yolk sac, spleen and liver
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after brith you make RBCs in
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red bone marrow
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life expectancy
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120 days bc it doesn't have a nucleus or organelles
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what monitors RBC counts?
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liver and kidneys
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what is excreted from liver when counts are low?
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erthropoietin
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how many blood cells die each hour?
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10 billions
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iron is recycled by
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red marrow
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leukocytes makes up what percent of blood volume
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less than 1%
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function of leukocytes
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used in body's defense
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dispedesis
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the ability to exit the blood stream to conduct and immune response
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positive chemotaxis
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ability to locate bodily infection by responding to chemical signals
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thrombocytes are aka
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platelets
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what are thrombocytes shaped/look/feel as
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an oval disc, flat, large surface area, sticky
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what is the function of a thrombocyte?
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used in clotting process when blood vessels are ruptured.
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when there is a bleeding cut, how do WBC react?
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stick and temporarly stack on top of each other to stop blood
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what are the three steps of hemostasis?
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blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation
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what is blood vessel spasm?
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smooth muscle is stimulated to contract to bring broken ends of vessel together; lasts less than 30 minutes
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thrombus
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blood clot in vein or artery
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embolus
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free floating thrombus; can be trapped in vessels causing stroke or heart attack
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hemophilia
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inability to clot
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anemia
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decreased o2 carrying capacity; low RBCs; low hemoglobin
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sickle cell anemia
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sickle chaped RBCs that clog vessels and impairs blood flow
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polythemia
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excessive RBCs causing increased viscosity and decreased blood flow
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leukemia
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increased numbers of WBCs; function abnormally
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antigens
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geneticalled determined proteins the body recognizes them as "self" or "foreign"; stimulates immune system to release a defense (antibodies) against "foreigners"
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antibodies
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recognizes antigens and decides if they are "foreign" or "self"
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agglutination
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clumping of RBCs when antigen and antibody don't match; leads to clogging of small vessels
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transfusion reactions
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when blood types don't match causing: kidney failure, fever, vomiting, chills and nausea
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Rh(+)
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person having Rh antigens on RBCs
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Rh(-)
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person without Rh antigens on RBCs
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Rh sensitization
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process by which an Rh(-) person develops anti-Rh antibodies due to exposure to Rh(+) blood
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erythroblastosis
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mother with Rh(-); baby with Rh(+) from father. first baby-anti-Rh produced no effect. second- anti-Rh antibodies enter fetal circulation causing hypoxia and hemia
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function of the heart
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transporting of nutrients and wastes via blood
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where does the heart lie?
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between the lungs and the thoracic cavity
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Pericardium aka
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pericardial sac
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paericardium (pericardial sac)
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the parietal peritoneum. holds heart;makes pericardical fluid.
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opicardium
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outer layer of heart wall. protects heart. separated from pericardium by pericardial cavity
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myocardium
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ring-like arrangements of cardiac muscle- the part that contracts
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endocardium
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white membrane. lines heart chambers and blood vessels. reduces friction between wall and blood flow
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heart chambers are made up of
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two atria and two ventricles
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the two atria characteristics
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receiving chambers; do not aid in pumping; myocardium very thin; filled with blood from veins and acts to fill ventricles with blood; seperated by interatrial septum
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the two ventricles characteristics
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discharging chambers; actual pumps; propels blood into circulation; thicker walls than atria; left thicker than right; seperated by interventricular septum
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auricles are
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extensions that allow for increase in volume
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atroventricular valves (av valves)
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located between atria and ventricles; anchored to papillary muscles via chordae tendine. tricuspid valve and biscuspid valve
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tricuspid valve
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lies between Right atrium and ventricle; has 3 cusps
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bicuspid valve
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aka mitral valve; lies between left atrium and ventricle; has to cusps
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function of atriocentricular valves
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permits one-way flow of blood from atria to ventricles only upon atrial contraction.
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opening and closing of atrioventricular valves
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ventricular contraction forces the AV valve to flap up, causing them to close off the opening to the atria and directing the flow of blood out of the heart
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semilunar valve
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located between the ventricles and their major arteries. made up of 3-half moon shaped cusps each.
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pulmanary valve
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between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
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aortic valve
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between left ventricle and aorta
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function of semilunar valve
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to direct one-way flow of blood from the ventricles to the pulmonary trunk and aorta.
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opening and closing of semilunar valves
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ventricular contractino forces SL valves to open (& AV valves shut) bc of pressure increase. ventricular relaxation causes flosure of SL valves, preventing backflow
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Blood flow through the heart
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blood enters the right atrium and the exits the heart via left ventricle to exchange gas in lungs.
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coronary circulation
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the flow of blood to the heart itself.
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right and left coronary arteries
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found at bease of aorta; supplies heart with nourishing blood
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coronary sinus
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waste blood brought back to the right atrium
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the nutrients found in blood...
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cannot be absorbed from the internal chamber walls in order to nourish the myocardium
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pulmonary circulation
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the route of blood between the lungs and heart
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systemic circulation
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the route of blood transport between the heart and all organs and tissues (except the lungs)
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fetal circulation
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the route of blood between mother and fetus
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3 lays of vessel walls in arteris and veins
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tunica intima, tunica media and adventita
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tunica intima
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sourroudns lumen; very elastic
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tunica media
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smooth muscle and elastic fibers
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tunica adventitia
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thin layer; anchors artery to neighboring structures
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artries
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transports blood away from the heart; highly elastic; lumen becaomes progressively smaller as the arteries branch; blood pressure HIGh
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arterioles
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same function as arteries; thinner walls; smaller lumens
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capillaries
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microscopic vessels where exchange takes place; walls made of squamos epithelium
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venules
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returns wasted blood to heart; larger in diameter than capillaries; increases in size en route to heart; formed from the unin of capillaries
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veins
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returns waster blood to heart; larger lumens than venules; distensible; low blood pressure; blood flow cariations (muscular and respiratory pumps, one way valves)
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circulation irregularities (3)
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varicose viens, hemorrhoids, mumurs
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varicose veins
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weakened valves allows blood to pool and permanently stretch vein walls
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hemorrhoids
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varicosities in veins surrounding anal canal
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mumors
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defective valve; may shunt blood to organs
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heart beat rhythmically
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atria beat, then ventricles
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blood moves due to
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pressure changes
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pressure changes (2)
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systole and diastole
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systold
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state of contraction; high pressure within the specific chamber; allows blood to exit chamber
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diastole
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state of relaxation; low pressure within that specific chamber; allows blood to enter chamber
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lub-dup cause:
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vibrational sounds of heart valve closures
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lub
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closing of AV valves with ventricular systole
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dup; gener
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closing of SL valves with ventricular diastole
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heart receives impules from
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autonomic syster but can beat without nervous stimulation
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cardiac cells
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inherently contract
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conduction system
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patches of pace-setting cardiac cells
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Sinoatrial (SA) node
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locared in upper wall of Right atrium (but controls lefet atrium too) aka pacemaker; initiates each cardiac cycle; gernerates electrical impulses causing atrial contraction; stimulates av node
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Atrioventricular (AV) node
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locared on the right inferior portion of the interatrial septum; activated by SA node; generates impulses down conducting fibers: av bundle
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av bundle
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follows interventricular septum and sends impulses left and right as it travels; at apex of heart, bundles forms branches called purkinje fibers
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purkinje fibers
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pass deep into myocardium and intiate ventricular systole (tells myocardium to contract); contraction occurs upward a wrininging motion from apex towards base of heart
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Electrocardiogram
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an instrument that records the electrical changes in the myocardium
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flase baseline
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myocardium polarized (resting)
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p wave
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SA node fires, atria depolarized (working)
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QRS complex
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AV node fires; ventricles depolarized
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t-wave
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ventricular repolarization; hidden by QRS.
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cardiac output (CO)
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measurable value that represents heart activity
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heart rate (HR)
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number of heart beats (cardiac cycles) per minute.
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6 functions of golgi
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1) Distribution - protiens and lipids from ER to plasma membrane, lysosomes and secretory vesicles
2) Modification of N-oligosaccharides - found on Asp residues 3) Adds O-oligosaccharides to serine and threonine 4) Adds Mannose-6-phosphate to specific lysosomal proteins (targets the protein to the lysosome) - What happens when this process is defective? 5) Sulfation of sugars in proteoglycans and tyrosine residues 6) Proteoglycan assembly from core proteins |
I-cell disease (inclusion cell disease) - inherited lysosomal storage disease; failure to add M6P to lysosome proteins, so proteins are secreted outside the cell instead of being sent to lysosome for degradation.
Results in coarse facial features, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement, high plasma levels of lysosomal proteins. Fatal in childhood. |
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Cardiac output equation
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CO=HR x SV
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starlings law of the heart
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how far cardiac cells are stretched (how full the chambers get), the stronger the heart will contract
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blood pressure
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the force exerted by blood against the inner walls of vessels; highest pressure in aorta,, lowest in veins; blood moves from high to low
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average systole/diastole
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120/80
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factors affrecting blood pressure
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1. cardiac output
2. peripheral resistance PR 3. blood volume |
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cardiac output
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increase in CO=increase in BP
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peripheral resistence PR
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the friction or drag produces when blood passes over vessel walls; smaller lumens=high PR; greater blood viscosity=high PR; high PR= high BP
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plaque is
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cholestrol build-up
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blood volume
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a measure of the amount of blood plasma and formed elements present in the cardiocascular system; blood volume drops=BP drops
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lumen decrease
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with plaque
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