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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Thymus development
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Large in newborns and grows till puberty
- Blood supply is not isolated from parynchyma Begins to undergo involution and replacement by adipose tissue after puberty - Adult thymus blood supply is isolated from parynchyma. Referred to as Blood Thymus barrier. |
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Regional groups of lymph nodes
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Parotid Nodes - Lymph from in and around the ears and lateral part of eyelids. Drains into deep cervical nodes
Submandibular nodes - Between submandibular gland and mandible. Drains nose, cheek, lips, sinuses, teeth and gingiva, tongue, and floor of mouth. All except lymph from very center and drains in deep cervical nodes Submental nodes - Behind chin and on mylohyoid. Drains tip of tongue, tip of floor of mouth, mandibular incisor teeth and gingiva. Into submandibular and deep cervical nodes. |
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Lymph node regions and classification
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Outer(Superficial) Cortical region - Contain lymphoid follicles. Primary follicles are uniformly staining and not responding to antigen. Secondary follicle have lightly staining germinal centers. B cells hang out here.
Paracortical region - Dominated by T cells Inner medullary region - Lymphoid tissue is in medullary cords with medullary sinuses. Source of plasma cells. Lymph from particular region drains to primary or regional node. Primary nodes then drain to secondary nodes. |
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Four different tissues in spleen
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Reticuloendothelial tissue - Concerned with phagocytosis of erythrocytes and cellular debries. Can be hematopoitic.
Venous Sinusoids- Provides method of expelling contained blood along with contraction of spleen White pulp - Provides lymphocytes and plasma cells. Red pulp - Blood filled sinusoids with lymphocytes and phagocytes |
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Three sets of tonsils
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Pharyngeal tonsils aka Adenoids - At posterior wall of nasopharynx and has ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. no crypts
Palatine tonsils - Posterolateral walls of throat with non-keratinized stratified squamous. Many crypts Lingual tonsils - Posterior portion of dorsum of tongue. Single crypt each Three groups of tonsils may be referred to as Waldeyer's ring or Tonsillar ring. |
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Yellow marrow and formation
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Found in the center of diaphysis or medullary cavity.
Begins to form around age 7 |
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Normal hematocrit
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Proportion of RBC in blood
46% for males and 40% for females |
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G-CSF
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Granulocyte Colony-stimulating factor
Stimulates precursor cells in bone marrow to differentiate into white blood cells |
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Order of leukocyte abundance
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Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
-Neutrophils -Lymphocytes -Monocytes -Eosinophils -Basophils |
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Blood composition
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45% formed elements such as cells, and platelets
55% Plasma - 91% water, 7% Protein and 2% others 7% Protein - Composed of Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen |
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Serum
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Blood plasma without fibrinogen
Or - Blood with no cells or clotting factors |
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Platelet activation
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When Platelets bind to collagen, they release ADP and other chemicals causing them to become sticky.
Activated platelets also release Thromboxane A2 which activates new platelets and increases platelet aggregation |
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Synovial Joints and components
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Diarthroidal joints that are freely movable
- Articular Cartilage: Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers bone. TMJ has fibrocartilage and not hyaline cartilage. - Joint cavity: Fluid filled space - Articular capsule: Double layerd outer layer that encloses joint - Synovial membrane: Produces synovial fluid, found on bursa and articular cartilage. |
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Joint classifications
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Amount of motion:
Synarthrosis - Immovable joint like sutures or Gomphosis that binds teeth to sockets Amphiarthrosis - Slightly movable joint like pubic symphysis Diarthrosis - Freely movable joint like synovial joints Type of associated connective tissue: Fibrous - Sutures and syndesmosomes Cartilaginous - Synchondroses joined by hyaline cartilage of symphyses joined by fibrocartilage Synovial - Most joints such as TMJ |
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Filtration process
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PCT - Glucose, AA, Metabolites, Electrolytes are reabsorbed
Loop - Concentration through electrolyte exchange and reabsorbtion to produce hyperosmolar fluid. DCT - Sodium reabsorbtion |
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Pneumocytes
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Type I - Thin epithelial cells for gas exchange
Type II - Specialized cells that produce surfactant |
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Pharynx
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Nasopharynx - Most superior, and opens to eustacian tubes and choana. Soft palate and uvula form anterior wall. Tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini prevent food from going up nasopharynx.
Oropharynx - Lingual tonsils protrude in. Anterolateral walls of oropharynx supports palatine tonsils Laryngopharynx - Most inferior devision from hyoid bone to opening of esophagus. |
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External Carotid branches
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Superior thyroid artery - Supplies thyroid and gives off branches to Sternocleidomastoid and superior laryngeal artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery - Supplies pharyngeal wall Lingual artery - Tongue Facial artery Occipital artery - Pharynx and suboccipital triangle. Posterior auricular artery Maxillary artery Superficial temporal artery |
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Carotid sinus and body characteristics
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Innervated by both Glossopharyngeal IX and Vagus X
- Carotid sinus reflex causes vagus to slow heart and drop BP - Carotid body lies posterior to point of bifurcation and detects excess CO2 and low O2. Raises BP and HR |
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Lenticulostriate arteries
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Arteries of Stroke
Branches of the middle cerebral artery that are often involved in strokes |
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Sinusoid vs Capillaries
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Sinusoids are:
- Larger diameter and more width and irregularities - Walls that consists of phagocytic cells - Forms part of reticuloendothelial system concerned with phagocytosis and antibody formation |
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Blood vessel layers
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Tunica intima - Innermost and thinnest layer composed if endothelium and basement membrane
Tunica Media - Much thicker in arteries than in veins and contain more elastic fibers in large arteries, and more muscle in small arteries. Tunica adventitia - Outer layer composed of elastic and collagenous fibers and much thicker in veins. |
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Intramembranous ossification bones and indications
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Most skull bones, most of mandible and clavicle grows via intramembranous
Intramembranous bones can only undergo appositional growth to increase thickness but not interstitial growth for length. |
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Intramembranous ossification bones and indications
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Most skull bones, most of mandible and clavicle grows via intramembranous
Intramembranous bones can only undergo appositional growth to increase thickness but not interstitial growth for length. |
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Axoneme structure and components
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Core scaffoled of eukaryotic cilia and flagella
Ciliary dyneine arms - motor complexes that allow axoneme to bend Radial spoke - Protein complex for regulating motion of axoneme and projects towards central microtubules Nexin - Inter-doublet linkage that prevents microtubules of outer layer from moving with respect to each other |
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Small intestine differences
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Duodenum - Brunner's glands in submucosa that release alkaline secretions to counteract gastric acids.
Jejunum - Presence of valves of Kerckring (Plicae circulares) Ileum - Devoid of plicae circulares. Has large accumulations of lymph tissue known as Peyer's patches. Preferred site for Vitamin B12 aka Cobalamine absorption. |
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Tongue Papillae
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Filiform - Most numerous on anterior 2/3 of tongue. NO taste buds and increased keratinization. Grips food
Fungiform papillae - Mushroom shaped on tips and sides. Taste buds innervated by facial nerve Circumvallate papillae - Largest but fewest. Inverted V on back of tongue. Associated with ducts of Von Ebner's glands. These taste buds are innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve. Foliate papillae - Lateral margins as 3-4 vertical folds. These taste buds are innervated by facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. |
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Structures derived from Pharyngeal arches and Pharyngeal pouches
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First branchial arch - Meckel's cartilage. Forms Malleus, Incus, portions of sphenoid. Disappears as mandible forms near it by intramembranous ossification. Trigeminal nerve and associated muscles.
Second arch - Reichert's cartilage. Forms stapes, styloid process, lessor cornu and upper half of body of hyoid. Facial nerve and associated muscles. 3rd arch - Forms greater Cornu and lower half of body of hoid. Glossopharyngeal nerve and stylopharyngeal muscle. 4th arch - Forms cartilages of larynx. Pharyngeal constrictors, and vagus nerve superior laryngeal branch and recurrent laryngeal branch. 1st Pouch - Tympanic membrane, auditory tube, tympanic cavity 2nd Pouch - Palatine tonsils 3rd Pouch - Inferior parathyroid glands and thymus 4th Pouch - Superior parathyroid glands and ultimobranchial body |
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Best place to listen to heart valves
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Mitral valve - Near apex of heart in left 5th intercostal space medial to nipple line and 9cm from midline.
Tricuspid - Over right half of lower end of body of sternum Pulmonary valve - Left second intercostal space Aortic valve - Right second intercostal space |
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Primary germ layers
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Ectoderm - Nervous system, enamel, epidermis, lining of oral facial structures and anus
Mesoderm - Bone, cartilage, muscle, adipose, CT, vascular systems Endoderm - Entire alimentary canal except near pharynx and anus which is ectoderm. Respiratory tract, endocrine glands like thyroid and thymus. Auditory system, and urinary bladder. |
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Adenomere and composition
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Functional unit of salivary gland
Intercalated ducts - Transports saliva to large ducts Striated ducts - Contain a lot of mitochondria responsible for electrolyte and water transport during secretion. Simple, low columnar epithelium line these ducts Glandular cells - Synthesize glycoproteins |
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Modes of secretion
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Merocrine - Most common. Exocytosis, sweat glands and pacreatic acinar cells.
Apocrine - inactive till puberty. Parts of cytoplasm come out and smells when reacted with bacteria. Armpits, nipples, genital areas. Holocrine - Cell explodes and releases contents. Sebaceous glands of ears, skin and nose |
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Brain stem and cranial nerves
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Midbrain - Relays motor signals. Substantia nigra in midbrain helps to control movement. CN 3 and 4 arise here
Pons - Involved with motor activity of body and organs. Houses respiratory center and exit point of CN 5 Medulla oblongata - Controls reflexes such as coughing, gagging, swallowing, and vomiting. Also houses reticular formation. Junction between pons and medulla arises CN 6,7,8. Medulla arises 9-12. |
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Gingival ligament groups
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Circular group - Lamina propria of marginal gingival and encircles tooth
Dentogingival group - Inserts into cementum and extends into lamina propira just below epithelial attachment Alveologingival group - Extends from alveolar crest of bone and radiates coronally into lamina propria. Attaches gingiva to bone Dentoperiosteal group - Courses from cementum across alveolar crest Transseptal group - Form horizontal bundles interproximally that extend between cementum of adjacent teeth. Sometimes classified with the principle fibers of PDL. |
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Tooth formation pathway
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Tooth germ from ectoderm of first arch and ectomesenchyme from neural crest
Enamel organ - Cervical loop to Hertwig's root sheath to stimulate Root dentin formation through odontoblast differentiation. OEE, SR, SI forms primary epithelial attachment. IEE forms ameloblasts for enamel Dental papilla - Odontoblasts for dentin and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells with fibroblasts for pulp Dental follicle - Cementoblasts, fibroblasts for PDL and Osteoblasts for alveolar bone |
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Layers of skin and purpose
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Basale - Melanocytes here
Spinosum - Langerhans cells and nerve cells here Granulosum - Keratin produced here Lucidum - Only found in thick skin of palms and soles Corneum - Dead cells 25-30rows replaced every 2 wks |
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Parakeratinized vs Orthokeratinized
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Both are associated with masticatory mucosa
Parakeratinized cells of keratin layer have nuclei. Orthokeratinized cells do not have nuclei |
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Collagen types
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I - bONE
II - carTWOilage III - reTHREEcular IV - Floor |
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Basement membrane components
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1) Basal lamina: Superficial portion produced by epithelial cells
- Lamina Lucida - Superficial clear layer - Lamina densa - Dense deep layer Reticular lamina - Thin layer composed of type IV collagen which is unique to basement membranes. |
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Cartilage subtypes
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Hyaline cartilage - Covers articular surfaces of all synovial joints and forms epiphyseal plate. Incapable of repair when fractured. Lines respiratory epithelium
Fibrocartilage - Found in discs within joints such as TMJ, sternoclavicular joint, and pubic symphysis. Only one to have type I collagen as well. Elastic cartilage - Similar to hyaline cartilage. Very flexible and found in auricle of ear, epiglottis, auditory tube. |
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Cartilage matrix composition
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Long strip of hyaluronic acid holding proteoglycans together
Proteoglycans are made of a protein backbone with glycosaminoglycan radiating out Main GAGs of cartilage is Chondroitin sulfate and Keratin sulfate |
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Classify soft connective tissue
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Loose(Areolar) soft CT - Irregular or loose arrangement to serve as padding for deeper portions of body
Dense soft connective tissue - Provides structural support and tightly packed - Dense regular - parallel collagen fibers with few fibroblasts. Includes tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses - Dense irregular - Dermis, submucosa of GI, Organ capsules, and deep fascia. |
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Cellular junctions and diseases
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Desmosomes - Intermediate filaments and ties cells to other cells via Cadherins. Pemphigus
Hemidesmosomes - Intermediate filaments via Integrins and connects cells to basement membrane. Pemphigoid. Adherens junctions - Actin filaments via both Cadherins and Integrins and connects cells to other cells and to the basement membrane |
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Three groups of cell junctions
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Occluding junctions - Join plasma membranes of adjacent cells tightly together
Anchoring junctions - Physically connects adjacent cells and their cytoskeletons but leave a space separating plasma membranes. Communicating junctions - Permits passage of chemical and electrical signals between joined cells. Gap junctions |
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Dermis and composition
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Papillary layer - Thin and fibrous and has dermal ridges aka Rete pegs with epidermal ridges interdigitating. Contains blood vessels supplying epidermis, fibroblasts, mast cells, and macrophages.
Reticular layer - Thick and fibrous. Continuous with hypodermis Subdermis or Hypodermis is composed of loose areolar connective tissue and is a major site of fat deposition. |
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Types of cementum
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Acellular - primary cementum formed at a slow rate so there is no embedded cementocytes. Predominate on coronal 2/3 of teeth but thinnest at CEJ.
Cellular - Secondary cementum that is formed faster so it contains embedded cementoblasts. Cellular cementum is more frequent in apical 1/3 and is usually thickest to compensate for occlusal wear and passive eruption of teeth |
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Enamel histology
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Incremental retreat of ameloblasts forms Lines of Retzius and terminate at Perikymata around the crown
Neonatal Line - One of the Lines of Retzius that stands out which marks division between enamel formed before and after birth. In all deciduous teeth and some permanent first molars. Enamel tufts - Fan shaped hypocalcified structures from DEJ to enamel in inner 1/3 of enamel Enamel spindles - Short dentinal tubules near DEJ that were trapped during apposition of enamel matrix. May serve as pain receptors Enamel lamellae - Partially calcified vertical defects in enamel resembling cracks or fractures that extend through the enamel. Hunter-Schreger bands - Alternating light and dark lines that begin and DEJ and end before reaching enamel surface. Represent enamel rods cut in cross section in between rods cut longitudinally |
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Dentin histology
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Incremental lines of von Ebner - Likened to incremental lines of Retzius in enamel. Shows apposition and run at right angles to dentinal tubules
Contour lines of Owen - Present in stained dentin and demonstrates a disturbance in body metabolism that affects the odontoblasts by altering their formation efforts. Most pronounced countour line is Neonatal line. Tomes' granular layer - Most often found in peripheral portion of dentin beneath root's cementum adjacent to DCJ. |
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Nasmth's membrane
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Secondary enamel cutical which is a thin membrane covering newly erupted teeth.
Remnant of the reduced enamel epithelium |
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Usual events in tooth histogenesis
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-Elongation of IEE cells of enamel organ and lays down enamel proteins that do not calcify
-Differentiation of Odontoblasts -Deposition of first dentin -Deposition of first enamel |
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Histodifferentiation process of a tooth bud and main process involved
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Initiation - 6 to 8 wks. Induction is main process. Anodontia and supernumerary teeth result from an interruption of this phase
Bud - 8th wk Proliferation is main process Cap - 9 to 10 wk. Proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Dens in dente, gemination, fusion, and tubercle formation occur during this phase. Bell - 11 to 12wk. Final histodifferentiation and morphodifferentiation. Macrodontia, Microdontia, Dentinogenesis imperfecta and amelogenesis imperfecta occur during bell stage. Apposition - Deposition of dental tissues. Enamel dysplasia and enamel pearls form during this stage Calcification |
