Anatomy: Blood & Heart

Front 1

What are the major components of whole blood and what is the percentage of each component in a normal blood sample?

Back 1

Plasma - 55%

Buffy Coat(leukocytes & platelets)- <1%

Erythrocytes - 45%

Hint 1

don't try to list percentages of the different leukocytes...

Front 2

What is hematocrit?

Back 2

the percentage of total blood volume that is made up of RBCs

Front 3

What is the average blood volume in healthy adult males?

Females?

Back 3

Males: 47% ± 5%


Females: 42% ± 5%

Front 4

What are the three major functions of blood?

Back 4

Distribution- transports oxygen, hormones, & metabolic wastes

Regulation- temperature, ph, and fluid volume

Protection- initiate blood clot formation, active WBCs in immune sytem

Front 5

What is the general composition of plasma?

Back 5

90% water with various dissolved solutes (Nutrients, Respiratory gases, Hormones, Wastes, Proteins)

Front 6

What is the function of albumin?

Back 6

Albumin- major contributor to plasma osmotic pressure (helps to keep water in the bloodstream)

Front 7

What is the function of globulins?

Back 7

include transport proteins and antibodies

Front 8

What is the function of fibrinogen?

Back 8

plays a key role in blood clotting

Front 9

Which of these (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen) accounts for the largest percentage of plasma proteins?

Back 9

Albumin (60%)

Front 10

Name the three major types of formed elements in the blood and state their general functions.

Back 10

Erythrocytes(RBCs)- respiratory gas transport

Leukocytes(WBCs)- Normal response to bacterial or viral invasion

Platelets- clotting (forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels)

Front 11

What unusual characteristics of formed elements (as a group) distinguish them from other types of cells?

Back 11

specialized connective tissue in which living blood cells are suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix

Front 12

How does the shape of red blood cells contribute to their ability to exchange respiratory gases?

Back 12

Biconcave shape, erythrocytes are more than 97% hemoglobin,
erythrocytes do not consume the oxygen they transport.

Front 13

What are the two basic parts of a hemoglobin molecule?

Back 13

Composed of the protein globin, made up of two alpha and two beta chains, each bound to a heme group

Front 14

Which part of hemoglobin is associated with iron?

Back 14

heme group - Each bears an atom of iron

Front 15

What gases are transported by each part?

Back 15

oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 16

How many molecules of oxygen can be transported by a single hemoglobin molecule?

Back 16

4

Front 17

Define hematopoiesis

Back 17

Blood cell formation

Front 18

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

Back 18

in red bone marrow of: the axial skeleton & girdles, and
epiphyses of the humerus & femur

Front 19

What is a hematopoeietic stem cell?

Back 19

precursor cells called hemocytoblasts which all "formed elements" arise from

Front 20

Define erythropoiesis

Back 20

Production of erythrocytes

Front 21

What are proerythroblasts and reticulocytes?

Back 21

Proerythroblasts- "committed cell", phase between hemocytoblast and erythroblast

Reticulocytes- become mature erythrocytes shortly after their release from the bone marrow

Front 22

What is erythropoietin, where is it produced, and what effect does it have on red blood cell production?

Back 22

a hormone, controls erythropoiesis. When there is an imbalance, the erythropoietin is released by kidneys in response to low 02, which stimulates red bone marrow, which releases RBC count (02)

Front 23

What is the stimulus for erythropoietin production?

Back 23

Hypoxia due to decreased RBC count, decreased amount of hemoglobin, or decreased availability of O2

Front 24

What is the lifespan of an average erythrocyte?

Back 24

100–120 days

Front 25

Which organs are responsible for removing aged and damaged RBCs from the circulation?

Back 25

Aged and damaged red blood cells are engulfed by macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow; the hemoglobin is broken down.

Front 26

First of three breakdown products of hemoglobin. Be able to describe what happens to it.

Back 26

Bilirubin(a yellow pigment that used to be heme): liver secretes it as bile into the intestines, which metabolizes it into urobilinogen, leaves the body in feces

Front 27

One of three breakdown products of hemoglobin. Be able to describe what happens to it.

Back 27

Heme - Broken down into bilirubin, and iron which isstored as ferritin, hemosiderin

Front 28

One of three breakdown products of hemoglobin. Be able to describe what happens to it.

Back 28

Globin - metabolized into amino acids and is released into the circulation

Front 29

What is anemia?

Back 29

Insufficient erythrocytes (RBCs)

Front 30

What are the three general causes of anemia?

Back 30

1. Hemorrhagic anemia – result of acute or chronic loss of blood
2. Hemolytic anemia – prematurely ruptured RBCs
3. Aplastic anemia – destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow

Front 31

What is sickle-cell anemia?

Back 31

Results from a defective gene coding for an abnormal Hb called hemoglobin S (HbS)

Front 32

What causes RBCs to become crescent shaped?

Back 32

HbS has a single amino acid substitution in the beta chain

Front 33

Which human population is most affected by this disease?

Back 33

Africans, African Americans

Front 34

What is polycythemia?

Back 34

excess RBCs; results in increased blood viscosity

Front 35

How might “blood doping” or EPO abuse lead to polycythemia?

Back 35

blood doping is adding RBCs to blood for athletic purposes

Front 36

What distinguishes leukocytes from the other formed elements?

Back 36

Only formed elements that are complete cells

Front 37

What distinguishes granulocytes from agranuloctyes?

Back 37

Granulocytes Contain cytoplasmic granules, agranulocytes lack them

Front 38

List the five types of leukocytes in order from most abundant to least abundant

Back 38

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

Front 39

Classify the leukocytes as granulocytes or agranulocytes

Back 39

Neutrophils (G)
Eosinophils (G)
Basophils (G)
Lymphocytes (A)
Monocytes (A)

Front 40

state the major function(s) of each leukocyte

Back 40

Neutrophils:phagocytize bacteria

Eosinophils:Attack parasitic worms, lessen the severity of allergic reactions by phagocytizing immune complexes

Basophils: contain histamine

Lymphocytes: (1)T cells – function in the immune response (2) B cells – give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies

Front 41

Which two WBCs are active phagocytes?

Back 41

Neutrophils & Eosinophils

Front 42

Which WBC attacks parasitic worms and inactivates inflammatory chemicals released during allergic reactions?

Back 42

Eosinophils

Front 43

Which WBC is the major cell of the immune system?

Back 43

Lymphocyte (T cell)

Front 44

Which WBC releases histamine and promotes inflammation?

Back 44

Basophils

Front 45

T cells and B cells are examples of which type of WBC?

Back 45

Lymphocyte

Front 46

Which WBCs differentiate into macrophages when they leave the bloodstream and enter the tissues?

Back 46

Monocytes

Front 47

Which WBCs are produced by myeloid stem cells and which by lymphoid stem cells?

Back 47

Neutrophils (M)
Eosinophils (M)
Basophils (M)
Lymphocytes (L)
Monocytes (M)

Front 48

What is leukemia?
If leukemia is a cancer of leukocytes, then why does it also cause anemia and clotting defects?

Back 48

*Immature WBCs are found in the bloodstream
*Bone marrow becomes totally occupied with cancerous leukocytes
*WBCs produced, though numerous, are not functional

Front 49

What is a platelet? How are platelets formed from megakaryocytes?

Back 49

fragments of giant cells

Hemocytoblast --> megakaryoblast --> promegakaryocyte --> megakaryocyte --> platelets (slide 58)

Front 50

What is the major role of platelets in preventing blood loss?

Back 50

forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels

Front 51

What is hemostasis? What are the three steps that occur during hemostasis?

Back 51

series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding

1. Vascular spasms – immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation (blood clotting)

Front 52

What is a vascular spasm, and how does it contribute to preventing blood loss?

Back 52

immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury

Front 53

What is the function of a platelet plug, and what causes it to form?

Back 53

platelets adhere to exposed collagen fibers

When blood vessel endothelium is damaged

Front 54

What normally prevents platelets from sticking together and building up in undamaged blood vessels?

Back 54

are only activated when they connect to the collagen fibers

Front 55

What is coagulation? What is a blood clot and what is its function?

Back 55

A set of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel

a network of fibers of the protein fibrin which traps blood cells

Front 56

What are clotting factors (=procoagulants)? Where are most of them produced?

Back 56

factors that enhance clot formation

Most are made in the liver

Front 57

What is the major difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways?

Back 57

Intrinsic: All factors needed for clotting are present in blood

Extrinsic: Begins with the release of an additional chemical, called tissue factor

Front 58

Which pathway (intrinsic or extrinsic) is faster?

Back 58

extrinsic

Front 59

Which (intrinsic or extrinsic) is responsible for blood clotting that occurs outside the body, as when blood is placed in a test tube?

Back 59

intrinsic

Front 60

What is the common end product of these two pathways (intrinsic and extrinsic)?

Back 60

the "common pathway"

Front 61

What is clot retraction?

Back 61

condensation of a clot into a denser, more compact structure

Front 62

What is serum, and how does it differ from plasma?

Back 62

plasma minus clotting proteins

Front 63

What is fibrinolysis? What are the roles of plasminogen and plasmin in this process?

Back 63

process by which unneeded clots are dissolved after healing

Accomplished by a fibrin-digesting enzyme called plasmin, which is produced when the plasma protein plasminogen is activated

Front 64

What is the function of anticoagulants in the blood? How do antithrombin III and heparin prevent clot formation?

Back 64

Swift removal of clotting factors

1. Antithrombin III – inactivates thrombin not bound to fibrin
2. Heparin – inhibits thrombin by enhancing the activity of antithrombin III

Front 65

Be able to define thrombus, embolus, and embolism and explain why these conditions are dangerous.

Back 65

Thrombus: clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel; can block circulation, resulting in tissue death

Embolus: a thrombus that breaks free and floats freely in the bloodstream

Embolism: obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus (e.g., pulmonary embolism)

Front 66

Why are atherosclerosis and slowly flowing blood considered to be risk factors for undesirable clot formation?

Back 66

Atherosclerosis – roughens the vessel endothelium

Slowly flowing blood – allows clotting factors to accumulate (e.g., on long plane flights)

Front 67

How does aspirin help prevent undesirable clotting in patients at risk for heart attack or stroke?

Back 67

blocks platelet aggregation

Front 68

What is thrombocytopenia? What is hemophilia?

Back 68

1. – number of circulating platelets is deficient
Causes spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels throughout the body
Caused by suppression or destruction of bone marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation)

2. a group of hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of clotting factors
Symptoms include prolonged bleeding and painful and disabled joints
Treated with transfusions of fresh plasma or injections of missing factors