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239 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The scapula ranges between what vertebrae?
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T2-T7
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What is Tuffier's line? What does it cross?
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An invisible line that connects the topes of the iliac crests. It crosses the L4-L5 junction.
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What vertebrae does the spinal cord end at?
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L1 or L2
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What causes scoliosis?
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Being born with an extra part of a vertebrae
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What is exaggeration of the lumbar curvature called?
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Lordosis
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What is exaggeration of the thoracic curvature called?
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Kyphosis
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What is spina bifida?
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A neural tube defect marked by congenital cleft of the spinal column usually with hernial protrusion of the meninges and sometimes the spinal cord
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What is the name of the joint between an upper and lower articulating vertebrae?
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Zygapophysial joint
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What is the name of the lip of the lateral body of a cervical vertebrae that forms a lateral joint?
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Uncinate process
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What artery is the first branch of the subclavian artery?
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Vertebral
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How much of the brain's blood supply do the right and left vertebral arteries supply?
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About a third
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What is between the superior articular and inferior articular process?
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The pars interarticularis
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What is spondyloisthesis?
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The forward displacement of a lumbar vertebra on the one below it and especially of the 5th lumbar vertabra on the sacrum, producing pain by compression of nerve roots
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What is the name of the canal that is created by S4 and S5 not fusing in the midline?
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Sacral hiatus
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Why is the intervertebral foramen an artificial foramen?
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Because a true foramen is a hole through one bone, while the intervertebral hole is formed by 2 vertebra
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What is ALL and where is it located?
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Anterior longitudinal ligament; runs from the sacrum to the base of the skull. It prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column
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What is PLL and where is it located?
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Posterior longitudinal ligament; runs within the vertebral canal along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies, attaches to the base of the skull (this articulation is known as the tectorial membrane)
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What does the PLL do?
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Inhibits hyperflexion of the spine and disc herniation
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What ligament is located on the underside of the lamina?
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Ligamentum flavum
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What does the ligamentum flavum do and become?
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It helps restore hyperextended and hyperflexed spinal columns to the neutral position. It becomes the posterior atlanta-occipital membrane
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What membrane does the vertebral artery pass through?
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The posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
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What is the name of the synovial, plane joints that occur between the superior and inferior articular processes of the vertebrae?
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Zygapophysial joints
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What innervates the zygapopphysial joints?
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Articular branches that arise from the medial branches of the posterior rami of spinal nerves
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Where does the nuchal ligament attach?
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The external occipital protuberance and posterior border of the foramen magnum to the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae
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How much of our height do the intervertebral discs account for?
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one fourth
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what are the 2 portions of the intervertebral discs?
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the outer annulus fibrosis (cartilaginous) and the nucleus pulposus
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what is the name of the elaborate venous system that drains the spinal cord? what's special about it?
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Batson's plexus, it's valve-less
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what's the arterial blood supply to the posterior vertebral column?
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aorta and vertebral artery
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what muscle is known as the swimmer's muscle and what are it's functins?
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latissimus dorsi, adduction, internal rotation, and extension
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what does the serratus posterior inferior attach to and function in?
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the ribs and breathing
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what is the trianlge of petit bordered by?
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latissimus dorsi, the iliac crest, and the external abdominal oblique muscles
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what is the triangle of auscultation bordered by?
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the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, and scapula or rhomboid muscles
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what 3 muscles border the suboccipital triangle?
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superior posterior oblique, inferior posterior oblique, and rectus capitus major
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what are the functions of the superior and inferior oblique muscles?
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lateral rotation of the atlas on the axis
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what are the functions of the major and minor rectus capitus muscles?
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extension posteriorly of the neck and head
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what is the nerve that emerges through the suboccipital triangle?
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the suboccipital nerve
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the suboccipital nerve is made up of?
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the dorsal ramus of C1, which only has a motor component, not a sensory component (therefore it doesn't have a dorsal root ganglion)
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what nerve emerges below the inferior oblique and passes superiorly through the suboccipital triangle onto the base of the skull?
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the greater occipital nerve
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what innervates the muscles of the suboccipital triangle?
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the lesser occipital nerve from C3 and C2
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what are the divisions of the iliocostalis?
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lumborum, thoracis, and cervicis
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what are the divisions of the longissimus?
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thoracis, cervicis, and capitis
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what are the divisions of the spinalis?
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thoracis, cervicis, and capitis
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what innervates the erector spinae muscles?
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the dorsal rami of spinal nerves
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what is the arterial supply for the erector spinae muscles?
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the posterior intercostal artery, which is a branch of the intercostals which are segmental arteries coming off the descending aorta
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what is the name of the deepest muscles of the back, and where do they generally run to/from?
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the transversospinalis - they run from the transverse processes to the spine
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what are the muscles of the transversospinalis group?
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the semispinalis, the rotatores, and the multifidous
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what are the divisions of the semispinalis?
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capitis, cervicis, and thoracis
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where does the splenius capitus insert?
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the occipital bone inferior to the superious nuchal line
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where do the rotatores attach?
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from the transverse processes to the spines
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where do the multifidi attach?
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between 2 individual vertebrae
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where does the spinal cord terminate?
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at the disk between L1 and L2
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at birth, where does the spinal cord end?
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around L3
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what spinal cord segments correlate with the cervical enlargement?
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C4-T1
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what spinal cord segments correlate with the lumbral-sacral enlargement?
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L2-S3
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what kind of neural fibers does the ventral horn of the spinal cord have?
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motor
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what kind of neural fibers does the dorsal horn of the spinal cord have?
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sensory
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what spinal cord segments have the additional lateral horn?
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T1-L2
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what kind of cell bodies does the lateral horn have? what do they supply?
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autonomic motor neurons; the involuntary structures
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what does the spinal nerve go through?
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the intervertebral foramen
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what spinal nerves have ventral rami that are connected to the sympathetic ganglion by a white and grey communicantes?
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T1-L2
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do the dorsal root ganglion have a synapse in them? what about the autonomic ganglion?
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no; yes
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what innervates the limbs?
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ventral rami of spinal nerves that combine to form plexuses
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do spinal nerves have general or specific components? which ones?
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they have all 4 of the general components
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the brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami of what spinal nerves?
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C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1
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what is the vascular supply of the spinal cord?
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one anterior spinal artery and 2 posterior spinal arteries
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what is the general name of the segmental arteries that anastamose with the spinal arteries to provide additional blood?
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segmental medullary arteries
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where do the segmental medullary arteries anastamose with the spinal arteries?
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in the intervertebral foramina
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what is the name of the most important segmental meduallry artery and why is it so important?
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the Great Anterior Medullary Segmental artery, or the Artery of Adamkiewicz; it supplies the lumbral-sacral enlargement of the spinal cord
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what is the name of the bilateral toothed processes that attach to the inner surface of the dura mater?
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denticulate ligament
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what does the denticulate ligament separate?
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the dorsal rootlets from the ventral rootlets
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what vertebral level does the sac of dura mater and arachnoid mater end?
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S2
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what are the 2 names of the plexus of veins that drains the spinal cord?
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Batson's plexus or the internal vertebral venous plexus
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where should the lumbar puncture be performed?
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between L3-L4 or L4-L5
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what's another name for Tuffier's line?
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the supracristal plane
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the supraspinous fossa and the infraspinous fossa are connected by what?
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the spinoglenoid notch
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coracoid process means what?
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beak-like
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what 3 structures lie just a few centimeters inferior to the coracoid process?
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axillary artery, axillary vein, and brachial plexus
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what are the 3 borders of the scapula?
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superior, medial (vertebral), and lateral (axillary)
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what are the 3 angles of the scapula?
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superior, inferior, and lateral
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what is the suprascapular notch brided by?
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the suprascapular ligament
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what lies superior to the suprascapular ligament?
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the suprascapular artery
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what lies inferior to the suprascapular ligament?
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the suprascapular nerve
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what artery circumscribes the scapula by running on the lateral surface in the groove?
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the circumplex scapular artery
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what is another name for adduction?
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retraction
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what is another name for abduction?
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protraction
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what 2 muscles are very important in the lateral rotation of the scapula?
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the serratus anterior and the trapezius
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what is the most frequently fractured part of the humerous?
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the surgical neck
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what tendon lies in the bicepital/intertubecular groove of the humerous?
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the long head of the biceps tendon
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what are the 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff?
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S- supraspinatus
I- infraspinatus T- teres minor S- subscapularis |
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what is the only rotator cuff muscle that doesn't attached to the greater tubercle of the humerous?
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the subscapularis
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what is the "boxer's" muscle?
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serratus anterior
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what muscle has the same function as the latissimus dorsi (ie, extension, adduction, and medial rotation)?
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teres major
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what are the 3 heads of the triceps?
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lateral, long, and deep
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what are the borders of the quadrangle space?
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teres major, teres minor, long head of the triceps, and surgical neck of the humerous
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what is located in the quadrangle space?
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axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery
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what are the borders of the triangular space?
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teres major, teres minor, and the long head of the triceps
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what is located in the triangular space?
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a subcutaneous branch of the circumflex scapular artery
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what is formed by the long and lateral heads of the triceps?
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the triangular interval
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what is the most frequently fractured bone in the body and where is it fractured?
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the clavicle, at the junction of the medial 2/3rds and the lateral 1/3rd
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what vein runs in the deltopectoral groove?
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the cephalic
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what artery runs in the deltopectoral groove?
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the deltoid branch of the thoracoacromial artery
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what is located in the deltopectoral triangle?
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the cephalic vein, the thoracoacromial artery, and the lateral pectoral nerve
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what is the most frequently torn rotator cuff muscle?
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the supraspinatus
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what is the largest and 2nd largest synovial joints in the body?
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1- the knee joint
2- the glenohumeral joint |
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what is the name of the lip that deepens that glenoid cavity?
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the glenoid labrum
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what is the name for a collection of cell bodies within the CNS?
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nuclei
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what is the name for a collection of cell bodies within the PNS?
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ganglion
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are there any synapses in the dorsal root gangliion?
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no
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what type of neural cell lies in the dorsal root ganglion?
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pseudounipolar
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where are the cell bodies of sympathetic nerve cells located?
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the lateral horn (T1-L2)
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how many neurons are involved in the parasympatheitc nervous system before the target organ is reached?
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2
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what nerves do the parasympathetic fibers orginate from?
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crainial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10 and sacral nerves 2, 3, and 4
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what is the distinguishing feature between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous sytem?
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PNS only goes to the viscera, SNS goes to the viscera and to the periphery (body walls and limbs)
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where do the sympathetic fibers originate?
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lateral horn of T1-L2
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how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
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31
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what is another name for splanchnic?
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visceral
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where is a common place for the introduction of a central venous line?
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in or near the posterior triangle
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what is a common vein that is used to introduce a central line?
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subclavian
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what are the borders of the posterior triangle?
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SCM anteriorly, trapezius posteriorly, middle 1/3 of the clavicle inferiorly
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what divides the posterior triangle into 2 parts?
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the omohyoid muscle
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what is the name of the superior division of the posterior triangle?
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the occipital triangle
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what is/are the name(s) of the inferior division of the posterior triangle?
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omoclavicular trianlge, supraclavicular triangle, or the subclavian triangle
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what are the 2 heads of the SCM?
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sternal and clavicular
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what structure passes directly over the posterior triangle dividing the triangle into 2 zones?
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the spinal accessory nerve (CNXI)
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what can be found in the 2 zones (superior and inferior) made by the spinal accessory nerve of the posterior triangle?
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superior: occipital artery
inferior: brachail plexus, subclavian artery, and subclavian vein |
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what nerve passes superficially to the levator scapulae?
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CN-XI
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what muscles form the floor of the posterior triangle?
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posterior, middle, and anterior scalene muscles; levator scapulae; and splenius capitus
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what is located at the junction of the superior 1/3 and inferior 2/3 of the posterior border of the SCM?
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the nerve point
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what is the name of the condition in which a person has an uncontrolled spasm of the SCM?
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torticollis
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how do you treat torticollis?
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cut the spinal accessory nerve
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what are the venous contents of the posterior triangle?
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EJV and subclavian
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what are the arterial contents of the posterior triangle?
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subclavian, transverse cervical, suprascapular, and occipital
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what are the nervous contents of the posterior triangle?
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CN-XI, great auricular, transverse cervical, and supraclavicular
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what is located in the superficial fascia of the posterior triangle?
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platysma, EJV, and cutaneous nerves
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what envelops the trapezius, comes attached to the ligamentum nuchae posteriorly, and then passes and becomes the roof of the posterior triangle?
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the investing fascia
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what forms the fascial floor of the posterior triangle?
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the prevertebral fascia
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what are the relationships between the EJV, SCM, and IJV?
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EJV is external to the SCM which is external to the IJV
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where does the EJV terminate?
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subclavian vein
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what nerve is the most frequently injured nerve by doctors when trying to biopsy a lymph node?
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the spinal accessory nerve
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what 2 veins come together to form the brachiocephalic vein?
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IJV and subclavian
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the IJV and subclavian veins come together to form what vein?
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the brachiocephalic vein
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the right and left brachiocephalic veins come together to form what vein? what's important about this vein?
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the superior vena cava - it is the second largest vein in the body
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what is the largest vein in the body?
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inferior vena cava
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what are the 3 branches off of the aortic arch (in sequence)?
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brachiocephalic artery/trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian
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what 2 arteries does the brachiocephalic artery give rise to and what do they supply?
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the right subclavian (upper limb) and the right common carotid (head and neck)
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what is the first branch off of the subclavian artery?
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the vertebral arteries
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what 3 arteries commenly arise from a common trunk called the thyrocervical trunk?
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inferior thyroid artery, transverse cervical artery, and suprascapular artery
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what muscle divides the subclavian artery into 3 parts?
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the anterior scalene
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what part of the subclavian artery does the thyrocervical trunk branch off of?
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the proximal (first) part
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at what landmark does the subclavian artery change its name to the axillary artery?
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the outer surface of the first rib
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at what landmark does the axillary artery change its name to the brachial artery?
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the lateral/distal border of the teres major
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what muscle is responsible for dividing the axillary artery into 3 parts?
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the pectoralis minor
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what is the cervical plexus formed by?
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the ventral rami of C1-C4
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what nerve arises from C3, C4, and C5?
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phrenic
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what 2 muscles does the phrenic nerve run accross anteriorly?
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the anterior scalene and the SCM
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what nerves pass into the posterior triangle via the nerve point?
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spinal accessory nerve and cutaneous nerves
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what are the 4 cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus?
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greater auricular nerve, lesser occipital nerve, transverse cervical nerve, and supraclavicular nerve
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what is the medial border of the axilla?
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serratus anterior
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what is the posterior border of the axilla?
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subscapularis
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what is the anterior border of the axilla?
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pectoralis major/minor
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what is the lateral border of the axilla?
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intertubecular groove
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what are the contents of the axilla?
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subclavian artery, subclavian vein, brachial plexus, apex of the lung
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where do the anterior, middle, and posterior scalene muscles attach?
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anterior/middle: 1st rib
posterior: 2nd rib |
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what kind of muscle is the platysma muscle and what is it innervated by?
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facial expression muscles, innervated by the facial nerve (CN-VII)
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what is the breast?
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a modified sweat gland
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what are the lobes of the breast separated by?
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dense connective tissue strands called Cooper's ligaments
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where is the nipple located?
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the 4th intercostal space
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what is the dermatome of the nipple?
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T4
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what is the name of the breast extension that travels towards the axilla?
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the tail of spence
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what 2 skin areas on the body have fibers that directly connect to the hypothalamus?
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the nipple and the skin of the perineum (labia minora, scrotum)
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what branch of the subclavian artery runs lateral to the sternum and gives off branches that support the breast tissue?
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internal thoracic
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what branch of the axillary artery supplies the breast tissue?
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lateral thoracic
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what branch of the thoracoacromial artery supplies the breast?
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pectoral
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what is the apex of the axilla comprised of?
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1st rib, clavicle, and the superior angle of the scapula (this place is called the cervicoaxillary canal)
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what is the medial border of the axilla?
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serratus anterior and intercostal muscles
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what is the anterior border of the axilla?
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pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, and clavipectoral fascia between these muscles
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what is the inferior border of the axilla?
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the skin of the axilla and the fascia of the region
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what is the lateral border of the axilla?
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intertubercular groove (aka bicipitus sulcus)
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what is the posterior border of the axilla?
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subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, and teres major
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what 3 structures pierce the clavipectoral fascia on their way out of or into the axilla?
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cephalic vein, thoracoacromial artery, and lateral pectoral nerve
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what fascia envelopes the subclavius and pectoralis minor?
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clavipectoral
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what is the name of the primary interal rotator that inserts of the lesser tubercle of the humerus?
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subscapularis
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injury to what muscle results in wing scapula?
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serratus anterior
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what is the serratus anterior innervated by?
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long thoracic nerve
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what procedure has a relatively high risk of damaging the long thoracic nerve?
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a radical breast mastectomy
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what are the 3 branches of the axillary artery?
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superior thoracic artery, thoracoacromial artery, and lateral thoracic artery
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what artery runs parallel to the long thoracic nerve?
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lateral thoracic artery
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what 2 branches of the axillary artery form a ring around the surgical neck of the humerous?
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posterior and anterior circumflex humeral arteries
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what is it called if there is a lot of C4 contribution to the brachial plexus, but less or none of T1?
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pre-fixed plexus
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what is it called if there is a lot of T2 contribution to the brachial plexus, but less or none of C5?
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post-fixed plexus
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what are the names given to a compressed radial nerve?
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crutch palsy and saturday night palsy
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what is the name given to the brachial plexus injury caused by excess separation between the neck and shoulder? what is the result of the injury?
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erb duchene palsy - "waiter's tip" positioning of the arm
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what is the name given to a lower brachial plexus injury?
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klumpke palsy
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what 2 nerves supply the skin on the lateral aspect of the arm?
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superior lateral cutaneous (branch of the axillary) and inferior lateral cutaneous (branch of the radial)
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what 2 nerves supply the skin on the medial aspect of the arm?
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medial cutaneous (branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus) and intercostobrachial nerve (branch of T2)
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what nerve supplies the skin on the posterior aspect of the arm?
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posterior cutaneous (branch of the radial)
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where does all of the lymph from the upper limb eventually drain?
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the subclavian lymph trunk
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what separtes the anterior compartment of the arm from the posterior compartment? where does it attach?
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the medial and lateral intermuscular septa - they attach to the medial and lateral supraeqicondylar ridges of the humerous
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what are 3 functions of the biceps?
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flex the shoulder joint, flex the forearm at the elbow, and supinates the forearm and hand at the proximal radioulnar joint
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what are the 3 major branches of the brachial artery?
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deep artery of the arm (profunda brachii), superior and inferior ulnar collateral
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what artery accompanies the radial nerve in the radial groove?
|
deep artery
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what 2 arteries does the deep artery divide into?
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radial collateral and middle collateral
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what are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?
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lateral - brachioradialis
medial - pronator teres base - imainary line through the epicondyles |
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what are the contents of the cubital fossa?
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tendon of the biceps, brachial artery (which is terminating into its radial and ulnar branches), median nerve, radial nerve
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what offers some protection to the brachial artery and median nerve that lie in the cubital fossa?
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the bicipital aponeurosis
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what vein connects the bacilis and cephalic veins?
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median cubital vein
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what is student's elbow caused by?
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inflammation of the subcutaneous olecranon bursa
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what are the 2 lines of the arm that are important to the biomechanics of how to place a cast?
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the weight line and the line of rotation
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what are the carpal bones of the proximal row?
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scaphoid, lunate, triquitrium, pisiform
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what are the carpal bones of the distal row?
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trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
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what type of joint is the wrist joint?
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condyloid type of synovial
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what are the ligaments inside the wrist joint that reinforce the articulartion of carpal bones?
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palmar radiocarpal, dorsal radiocarpal, ulnar and radial collateral ligaments
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what are the most important ligaments of the wrist joint?
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ulnar carpal collateral and radial carpal collateral
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what is the treatment for ligament injuries?
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NSAIDs, ice, rest
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what is a colles fracture?
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when the distal end of the radius is displaced posteriorly
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what is a reverse colles fracture?
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when the distal end of the radius is displaced anterior
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what muscle splits and allows the flexor digitorum profundus to pass through it?
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flexor digitorum superficialis
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what 2 cords supply all superficial flexors except flexor carpi ulnaris and some branches of the flexor digitorum profundis?
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lateral and medial
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what is the condition caused by compromise of the radial nerve in the forearm?
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wrist drop
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what are the borders of the anatomical snuff box?
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APL, EPB, and EPL
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what passes through the anatomical snuff box?
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radial artery
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what is the definition of an extrinsic muscle of the hand?
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those muscles with only one attachment in the hand
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what is the definition of an intrinsic muscle of the hand?
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those muscles with both attachments in the hand
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how many different muscles contribute to the movements of the thumb?
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at least 8
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what surface anatomy indicates the beginning of the flexor retinaculum?
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the distal wrist crease
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what is the best example of a saddle joint in the body?
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the joint between the trapezium and the first metacarpal
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what lies in the carpal tunnel?
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9 long flexor tendons and the median nerve
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what ligament forms the roof over the ulnar artery and nerve?
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palmar/volar carpal ligament
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what is the most common site of injury to the median nerve?
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the carpal tunnel
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the ulnar nerve and artery travel through what canal? where does it lie?
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Guyon's or ulnar canal. it lies between the pisiform and the hook of the hamate
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what nerve branches off the median nerve proximal to the flexor retinaculum and passes superficial to the flexor retinaculum?
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the palmar cutaneous nerve
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what is tenosynovitis?
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inflammation of the synovial sheaths
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what is dupuytren's contraction?
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the tickening (fibrosis) of the fibrous extensions of the palmar aponeurosis that extend out into the digits
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what are the first 2 lumbricles innervated by? the last 2?
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median nerve, ulnar nerve
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what artery passes between the transverse and oblique heads of the adductor pollicis?
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radial
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which interosseous muscles adduct? which abduct?
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palmar interossi adduct (PAD), dorsal interossi abduct (DAB)
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what mainly contributes to the superficial palmar arch? deep palmar arch?
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ulnar artery, radial artery
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what is the main artery of the pollicis?
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princeps pollicis
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what begins in the anatomical snuffbox?
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the cephalic vein
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