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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the study of the causes, mechanisms and manifestations of developmental defects of a structural and/or functional nature is called...
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teratology
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Etiologies of developmental defects:
1. ________% are multifactorial in nature. 2. _______% are unknown in etiology. |
1. 20-25%
2. 50-60% |
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Multifactorial etiologies causing developmental defects include __________ and ___________ causes.
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environmental and genetic
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an abnormal number of chromosomes other than an exact multiple of the haploid number is called ___________.
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Aneuploidy
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the absence of one member of a pair of chromosomes, either autosomes or sex chromosomes
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monosomes
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the addition of a third chromosome to a pair of chromosomes, either autosomes or sex chromosomes. fourth? fifth?
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trisomy, tetrasomy, pentasomy
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an abnormal number of chromosomes that is an exact multiple of the haploid number
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polyploidy
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Turner's syndrome is a ________________ of sex chromosomes.
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monosomy
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Broad chest with widely spaced nipples, webbed neck, absence of ovaries (gonadal dysgenesis) and absent sexual maturation, lymphedema of extremities and short stature are all characteristics of what disease?
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Turner's
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What is the only monosomy compatible with life?
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Turner's
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Trisomy 21, 18 and 13 are all trisomies of (autosomes/sex chromosomes).
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autosomes
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Atlantoaxial instability can be found in 15% of patients with ___________.
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Down's syndrome
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___% of embryos with down's syndrome are spontaneously aborted.
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75%
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The incidence of Down syndrome increases dramatically with maternal age due to an increased incidence of ________________.
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meiotic nondisjunction
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What disease?
Tall stature Broad hips Testicular atrophy with hyalinized seminiferous tubules Gynecomastia Possible mental retardation An incidence of 1:500 males |
Klinefelter syndrome
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Klienfelter syndrome is a ____________ with a _____ karyotype.
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-trisomy
-47,XXY |
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The most common type of polyploidy is _________. This is mostly fatal.
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triploidy (3 times the haploid number of chromosomes = 69 chromosomes).
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In translocation, a piece of a chromosome is transferred onto a ___________.
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nonhomologous chromosome
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the transverse rather than longitudinal division of the centromere joining two chromatids is called...
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isochromosome
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In cri du chat syndrome, ____________ from chromosome 5 causes the symptoms of a catlike cry, microcephaly, mental retardation, and congenital heart disease.
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-a partial deletion
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If translocation between nonhomologous chromosomes is _____________, abnormal development may be avoided.
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reciprocal
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____________ usually does not lead to abnormal phenotype but is seen in some cases of hemophilia.
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Inversion
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about 15-20% of women with ____________ have isochromosomes
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Turner syndrome
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In _______________, the patient has two or more cell lines with different karyotypes resulting from a rare mitotic nondisjunction of chromosomes; either autosomes or sex chromosomes may be involved.
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mosaicism
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The antinauseant and sleeping pill ______________ causes total (amelia) or partial (meroamelia/phocomelia) developmental absence of limbs.
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thalidomide
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microcephaly, maxillary hypoplasia, short palpebral fissures, joint abnormalities, and cardiovascular defects are characteristics of...
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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___________, a folic acid antagonist used to treat leukemia, causes skeletal and central nervous system defects...including anencephaly (no head).
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Aminopterin
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___________, ( analogue of vitamin A) used for the oral treatment of severe acne can produce virtually any type of defect.
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Isotretinoin
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_______________ causes “fetal hydantoin syndrome,” which includes IUGR, microcephaly, ptosis, nail and/or distal phalangeal hypoplasia.
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Phenytoin
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Environmental chemicals such as _______________ can cause severe brain damage, mental retardation, and blindness (fetal Minamata disease).
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methylmercury
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_____________ may kill embryonic cells, damage chromosomes, and cause mutations; the CNS is especially vulnerable (microcephaly and spina bifida).
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Ionizing radiation
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Oligohydramnios, uterine malformations, fetal growth restraint, amniotic bands are all ___________________ factors that cause developmental defects.
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mechanical
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Oligohydramnios is ...
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too little amniotic fluid
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Name 3 infectious agents that can cause developmental anomalies.
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1. Toxoplasma gondii
2. Rubella virus 3. Cytomegalovirus |
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What is the most common viral infection of the human fetus?
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Cytomegalovirus
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What is the "TORCH" complex?
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Embryos or fetuses infected in utero with
TOxoplasma, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, or Herpes simplex virus exhibit similar developmental defects (TORCH complex) |
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_____________________ is usually acquired by eating raw or poorly cooked pork or lamb or by close contact with infected cats; results of infection may include HYDROCEPHALUS.
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Toxoplasma gondii
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____________ virus causes a syndrome that usually includes cataracts and may include glaucoma.
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Rubella
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Cytomegalovirus may result in __________________.
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microphthalmia (an eye too small)
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Most congenital malformations result from exposure during the ___________ period.
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embryonic (weeks 3-8)
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