Anatomy Basics

Front 1

What is vasoconstriction?

Back 1

narrowing of blood vessels when a person is cold to help conserve and reduce heat loss through the skin.

Front 2

What is vasodilation?

Back 2

increase in the diameter of the blood vessels when a person is hot to increase heat loss from the skin and lower body temperature.

Front 3

What are the functions of the hair?

Back 3

a. Protection
b. Heat retention
c. Sensory reception
d. Visual identification
e. Chemical signals (pheromones)

Front 4

What layer of the skin are the glands found?

Back 4

Epidermal layer

Front 5

What are the two types of exocrine glands in the skin?

Back 5

Sweat (sudoriferous)
a. Mammary glands
b. Ceruminous glands
(ear wax)
Sebaceous glands (oil)

Front 6

What are the two ways that damaged tissue are replaced?

Back 6

Regeneration- replacement of damaged or dead cells with the same cell type.
Fibrosis- filling in the injured area with scar tissue

Front 7

A severe example of scar tissue?

Back 7

keloid

Front 8

"Extra" bones are called:

Back 8

wormian bones

Front 9

Addtional bones that may develop in tendons in response to stress are called:

Back 9

sesamoid bones

Front 10

What is cartilage?

Back 10

semi-rigid connective tissue that is weaker than bone but more flexible and resilient

Front 11

Is mature cartilage vascular or avascular?

Back 11

avascular (not penetrated by blood vessels)

Front 12

What are the 3 major functions of Cartilage in the body?

Back 12

1. Supporting soft tissue (hyaline cartilage keeps the walls of the trachea open)
2. Flexible cartilage supports external portion of ear.
3. Provides a gliding surface at joints and provides a model for formation of bone

Front 13

What are the three types of cartilage?

Back 13

1. Hyaline-most abundant (transparent)-trachea,larynx,growth plates, fetal skeletons
2. Fibrocartilage-thick,resists both stretching and compaction forces-shock absorber
3. Elastic cartilage-regions requiring highly flexible support (external ear, ear canal)

Front 14

What are the functions of Bone?

Back 14

1. Support and protection
2. Movement
3. Hemopoiesis(process of blood cell formation)
4. Storage of mineral and energy reserves.

Front 15

The central shaft of a bone is the?

Back 15

diaphysis

Front 16

What is the medullary cavity?

Back 16

hollow space within the diaphysis that contains yellow marrow (adipose tissue)

Front 17

What is the lining of the medullary cavity called?

Back 17

endosteum

Front 18

What is the knobby region at the end of each long bone?

Back 18

epiphysis

Front 19

What is responsible for growth in the width of a bone?

Back 19

Periosteum(pulling and tension)

Front 20

What is responsible for growth in the length of a bone?

Back 20

human growth hormone which increases mitotic activity

Front 21

What is the function of a chondrocyte?

Back 21

lay down cartilage-causes bone to grow

Front 22

What are the four types of cells associated with bone connective tissue?

Back 22

1. Osteoprogenitor cells-found in periosteum and endosteum-cells that become osteoblasts
2. Osteoblasts-secrete initial semisolid bone matrix called osteoid that calcifies and becomes bone.
3. Osteocytes-develop from osteoblasts, maintain the bone matrix detect mechanical stress on bone
4. Osteoclasts-large, mutlinuclear, phagocytic cells-break down bone (osteolysis)

Front 23

What are the two types of bonne connective tissue?

Back 23

1. Compact bone-solid/dense
2. Spongy(cancellous)-porous like a sponge.

Front 24

Name the spongy bone sandwich only located in the skull

Back 24

diploe

Front 25

What is ossification?

Back 25

formation and development of bone connective tissue

Front 26

What is Intramembranous ossification?

Back 26

produces flat bones of skull, some facial bones, and central part of clavicle

Front 27

What is Endochondral ossification?

Back 27

bone replaces cartlilage

Front 28

Large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure

Back 28

Condyle

Front 29

small, flat,shallow articulating surface

Back 29

Facet

Front 30

prominent, rounded epiphysis

Back 30

Head

Front 31

deep pit or socket in the upper jaw (maxillae) or lower jaw (mandible) in which teeth are typically located

Back 31

Alveolus

Front 32

flattened or shallow depression

Back 32

Fossa

Front 33

narrow, prominent, ridgelike projection

Back 33

Crest

Front 34

projection adjacent to a condyle

Back 34

epicondyle

Front 35

any marked bony prominence

Back 35

process

Front 36

pointed, slender process

Back 36

Spine

Front 37

massive, rough projection found only on the thigh bone (femur)

Back 37

Trochanter

Front 38

small, round projection

Back 38

Tubercle

Front 39

large, rough projection

Back 39

Tuberosity

Front 40

narrow, slitlike opening through a bone

Back 40

fissure

Front 41

rounded passageway through a bone

Back 41

Foramen

Front 42

cavity or hollow space in a bone

Back 42

sinus

Front 43

What does the Axial skeleton consist of?

Back 43

1. skull and bones associated with the skull.
2.vertebral column
3.rib cage (thoracic cage)

Front 44

There are ______ bones of the cranium and _______ bones of the face.

Back 44

8
14

Front 45

The upper domelike portion on the skull which forms the roof of the cranial cavity is the_________

Back 45

Calvaria

Front 46

What are the 4 sets of paranasal sinuses?

Back 46

1. Sphenoidal
2. Maxillary
3. Frontal
4. Ethmoidal

Front 47

The prominent bony ridge over the orbit is called the ___________.

Back 47

supraorbital margin

Front 48

The _________________ is located at the midpoint of each of the supraorbital margins and allows for the passage of small nerves and blood vessels

Back 48

supraorbital foramen

Front 49

What are the 4 regions of the Temporal bones?

Back 49

1. petrous region (very hard/dense contains the carotid canal and the jugular foramen)
2. Mastoid region
3.Squamous region
4.Tympanic region (external auditory canal)

Front 50

What condition occurs when sutures in the skull fuse to soon?

Back 50

craniosynstosis

Front 51

What foramen are associated with the sphenoid bone?

Back 51

1.optic foramen
2.foramen rotundum(passage of cranial nerve)
3.foramen ovale (passage of cranial nerve)
4.forament spinsosum(opening for blood vessels)
5.Superior orbital fissure (cranial nerves)
6. foramen lucerum

Front 52

The superior part of the ethmoid bone exhibits a midsagittal elevation called the ___________________

Back 52

Crista galli

Front 53

What attaches to the crista galli?

Back 53

Falx cerebri

Front 54

The superior nasal conchae and the inferior nasal conchae are part of what bone______________

Back 54

ethmoid

Front 55

Bones that form bony prominence of the cheeks are the ____________________bones.

Back 55

zygomatic

Front 56

The ________________ provides a passageway for the nasolacrimal duct which drains tears into the nasal cavity.

Back 56

lacrimal groove

Front 57

The complete nasal septum consists of:

Back 57

a. perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
b. vomer bone
c. small amount of anterior cartilage (septal cartilage)

Front 58

The two ___________ bones form the posterior third of the hard palate.

Back 58

palantine

Front 59

These two bones form the anterior portion of the hard palate in the roof of the mouth.

Back 59

maxillae

Front 60

Each ramus has a ________________which articulates with the ___________________on the inferior squamous portion of the temporal bone

Back 60

mandibular condyle
mandibular fossa

Front 61

The slender U-shaped bone located inferior to the skull between the mandible and the larynx is the_______________

Back 61

hyoid bone

Front 62

The vertebral column consists of _______ moveable parts.

Back 62

26
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
1 sacral
1 coccygeal

Front 63

Functions of the vertebral column include:

Back 63

1. provide vertical support for the body.
2. supporting the weight of head
3. hleping to maintain an upright position
4. helping to transfer axail skeleton weight to the appendicular skeleton of the lower limbs.
5. housing and protecting the spinal cord and providing a passageway for spinal nerves

Front 64

What are the 4 spinal curves?

Back 64

Cervical curvature (lordosis)
Thoracic curvature(kyphosis)
Lumbar curvature (lordosis)
Sacral curvature (kyphosis)

Front 65

What is Scoliosis?

Back 65

abnormal curvature of spine beyond 15 degrees

Front 66

The first cervical vertebrae is called the ?

Back 66

atlas

Front 67

What are the two types of arthritis?

Back 67

rheumatoid-autoimmune disease (body attacks joint)
osteoarthritis-wear & tear of joints

Front 68

A disc _______ is when the disc is compressed down-outside bulges out nucleus still in tact.

Back 68

disc bulge

Front 69

A disc_________ is when the inside of a disc pushes through fibrous to outside

Back 69

disc herniation

Front 70

The articulation between the occipital condyles and the atlas called the ________________permits us to nod our heads in a yes motion.

Back 70

atlanto-occipital joint

Front 71

What is the second cervical vertebrae called?

Back 71

axis

Front 72

The superior peg-like projection called the _________or ______ acts as a pivot for the rotation of both the atlas and the skull in a side-to-side no motion

Back 72

odontoid process
dens

Front 73

The cervical vertebrae where the neck connects with the torso is called the_________

Back 73

7th cervical vertebrae or vertebra proninens

Front 74

Thoracic vertebrae have ___________ or ____________ on the lateral sides of the body to accomodate the ribs

Back 74

costal facets or costal demifacets

Front 75

Spinal taps are performed by inserting a needle between which two lumbar vertebrae?

Back 75

L3/L4 intervertebral space

Front 76

The thoracic cage is formed by:

Back 76

a. thoracic vertebrae(posteriorly)
b. ribs (laterally)
c. costal cartilage and sternum (anteriorly)

Front 77

The three parts of the sternum are the:

Back 77

Manubrium (handle)
body (gladiolus)
xiphoid (sword-shaped)

Front 78

There are _____ pairs of ribs. Ribs 1-7 are called _______ ribs 8-12 are called _______ ribs 11-12 are called _______ribs.

Back 78

true ribs
false ribs
floating ribs

Front 79

What is spinal bifida?

Back 79

congentital defect resulting from a failure of the laminae of vertebrae to fuse exposing the meninges, spinal cord, or both.