Anatomy: Anterior Triangle

Front 1

What are the three boundaries of the anterior triangle?

Back 1

SCM, inferior border of mandible, anterior midline of neck

Front 2

Which structures divide the Anterior Triangle into four smaller triangles?

Back 2

Anterior and posterior bellies of digastic
Hyoid bone
Omohyoid m.

Front 3

What are the names of the four triangles that compose the Anterior Triangle. How many of each?

Back 3

Submental (1)
Submandibular (2)
Muscular (2)
Carotid (2)

Front 4

What is the most superficial muscles of the anterior neck?

Back 4

platysma m.

Front 5

What surrounds platysma m.?

Back 5

superficial cervical fascia

Front 6

Origin of platysma m.

Back 6

fascia covering the clavicle and superior parts of pec. major and deltoid

Front 7

Insertion of platysma m.?

Back 7

inferior border of the mandible, skin, and subcutaneous tissues of lower face

Front 8

Innervation of platysma (specific)?

Back 8

Facial nerve (CN VII)--cervical branch

Front 9

Function of platysma m.?

Back 9

Draw corners of mouth inferiorly and widens it. When teeth clenched, draws skin of neck superiorly

Front 10

What kind of fascia invests infrahyoid muscles?

Back 10

Pretracheal fascia

Front 11

What kind of deep cervical fascia surrounds SCM and trapezius?

Back 11

Investing fascia

Front 12

What are the three types of deep cervical fascia?

Back 12

investing fascia
pretracheal fascia
prevertebral fascia

Front 13

Which fascial layers contribute to the carotid sheath?

Back 13

All of the deep cervical fascia types:
investing fascia
pretracheal fascia
prevertebral fascia

Front 14

The carotid sheath surrounds/protects which structures?

Back 14

Common carotid a.
internal jugular v.
vagus n.

Front 15

Which structure within the carotid sheath is medial?

Back 15

common carotid a.

Front 16

Which structure within the carotid sheath is lateral?

Back 16

internal jugular v.

Front 17

Which structure within the carotid sheath is posterior?

Back 17

vagus n.

Front 18

Deep cervical fascia support which general structures?

Back 18

muscle, viscera, vessels, and lymph nodes

Front 19

What are the boundaries of the Submental Triangle?

Back 19

anterior belly of digastric
hyoid bone
anterior midline of neck

Front 20

What comprises the floor of the Submental Triangle?

Back 20

mylohyoid muscle

Front 21

What are the contents of the Submental Triangle?

Back 21

Submental lymph nodes
Mylohyoid m.
Mylohyoid n. (V3)
Veins that unite Anterior Jugular Veins

Front 22

What are the boundaries of the Submandibular Triangle?

Back 22

anterior belly of digastric
posterior belly of digastic
inferior border of mandible

Front 23

What comprises the floor of the Submandibular Triangle?

Back 23

mylohyoid m.
hyoglossus m.
middle pharyngeal constrictor m.

Front 24

Name two "suprahyoid muscles"

Back 24

digastric muscle
mylohyoid muscle

Front 25

What is the origin of the anterior belly of the digastric m.?

Back 25

digastric fossa of mandible

Front 26

What is the origin of the posterior belly of the digastric m.?

Back 26

mastoid notch of temporal bone

Front 27

What is the insertion of the anterior belly of the digastric m.?

Back 27

intermediate tendon of body and greater horn of hyoid bone

Front 28

What is the insertion of the posterior belly of the digastric m.?

Back 28

intermediate tendon of body and greater horn of hyoid bone

Front 29

What is the function of anterior belly of the digastric m.?

Back 29

depress mandible
raise hyoid and steady while talking or swallowing

Front 30

What is the function of posterior belly of the digastric m.?

Back 30

depress mandible
raise hyoid and steady while talking or swallowing

Front 31

Innervation of anterior belly of digastric m.?

Back 31

mylohyoid n. (V3)

Front 32

Innervation of posterior belly of digastric m.?

Back 32

facial n. (CN VII)

Front 33

What is the origin of mylohyoid?

Back 33

mylohyoid line of mandible

Front 34

What is the insertion of mylohyoid?

Back 34

raphe and body of hyoid

Front 35

What is the innervation of mylohyoid?

Back 35

mylohyoid nerve (V3)

Front 36

What is the function of mylohyoid?

Back 36

elevate hyoid, floor of mouth and tongue during speaking and swallowing

Front 37

What is the origin of hyoglossus? (specific)

Back 37

body and greater horn of hyoid bone

Front 38

What is the insertion of hyoglossus?

Back 38

lateral side and inferior aspect of tongue

Front 39

What is the innervation of hyoglossus?

Back 39

hypoglossal nerve (CN 12)

Front 40

What is the function of hyoglossus?

Back 40

retract and depress tongue

Front 41

What is the origin of middle pharyngeal constrictor m.?

Back 41

stylohyoid ligament and greater and lesser horns of hyoid

Front 42

What is the insertion of middle pharyngeal constrictor m.?

Back 42

median raphe of pharynx

Front 43

What is the innervation of middle pharyngeal constrictor m.?

Back 43

CN 11 via 10

Front 44

What is the function of middle pharyngeal constrictor m.?

Back 44

constrict wall of pharynx during swallowing

Front 45

What are the contents of the Submandibular Triangle?

Back 45

submandibular gland
submandibulr lymph nodes (subgroup of pericervical nodes)
facial a. and v.
hypoglossal n.
mylohyoid n. (V3)

Front 46

As hypoglossal nerve enters facial area, what is its relationship to two muscles in the lower face?

Back 46

It courses between mylohyoid and hyoglossus.

Front 47

Chorda tympani is from which cranial nerve?

Back 47

CN VII

Front 48

Chorda tympani is composed of which nerve fibers?

Back 48

VE para/pre

Front 49

Describe the course of the para pre fibers which innervate the submandibular gland

Back 49

Para/pre cell bodies in superior salvitory nucleus in brainstem--> fibers travel in chorda tympani--> lingual n.--> submandibular ganglion (synapse)

Front 50

The submandibular gland produces about how much of saliva produced?

Back 50

70%

Front 51

Describe the course of the para/post fibers which innervate the submandibular gland

Back 51

cell body in submandibular gangion--> innervate submandibular gland or return to the lingual nerve to innervate sublingual gland

Front 52

Which other fibers course through the submandibular ganglion?

Back 52

Symp/post and SA fibers (do not synapse here)

Front 53

Saliva from submandibular gland and part of sublingual gland empty at which structure?

Back 53

sublingual caruncle (on either side of frenulum)

Front 54

Which of the four types of subtriangles of the Anterior Triangle do not have floors?

Back 54

muscular and carotid triangles

Front 55

What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?

Back 55

superior belly of omohyoid,
anterior border of SCM,
midline of neck

Front 56

Contents of the Muscular Triangle?

Back 56

Infrahyoid muscles
thyroid and parathyroid glands
recurrent laryngeal nerves
anterior jugular vein
larynx
trachea

Front 57

What are the four infrahyoid muscles. Which are superficial or deep?

Back 57

Sternohyoid (superficial)
Omohyoid (superficial)
Sternothyroid (deep)
Thyrohyoid (deep)

Front 58

From where to anterior jugular veins arise?

Back 58

near hyoid from confluence of superficial submandibular veins

Front 59

Where are anterior jugular veins in relation to SCM

Back 59

just medial

Front 60

Where do anterior jugular veins end?

Back 60

they meet each other to form the jugular venous arch just superior to manubrium

Front 61

Where do anterior jugular veins usually empty?

Back 61

subclavian veins

Front 62

Infrahyoid muscles aka?

Back 62

"strap" muscles

Front 63

Which strap muscle covers the lateral surface of the thyroid gland?

Back 63

the sternothyroid

Front 64

What is the origin of omohyoid?

Back 64

superior border of scapula near suprascapular notch

Front 65

What is the insertion of omohyoid?

Back 65

inferior border of hyoid

Front 66

What is the innervation of omohyoid?

Back 66

ansa cervicalis

Front 67

What is the action of omohyoid?

Back 67

depresses, retracts, and steadies hyoid

Front 68

What is the origin of sternohyoid?

Back 68

manubrium and medial end of clavicle

Front 69

What is the insertion of sternohyoid?

Back 69

body of hyoid

Front 70

What is the innervation of sternohyoid?

Back 70

ansa cervicalis

Front 71

What is the function of sternohyoid?

Back 71

depresses hyoid bone after is has been elevated during swallowing

Front 72

What is the origin of thyrohyoid?

Back 72

oblique line of thyroid cartilage

Front 73

What is the insertion of thyrohyoid?

Back 73

inferior border of body and greater horn of hyoid

Front 74

What is the innervation of thyrohyoid?

Back 74

C1 via hypoglossal n. (CN XII)

Front 75

What is the function of thyrohyoid?

Back 75

depresses hyoid bone and elevates larynx

Front 76

Which is the only infrahyoid muscle which is not innervated by ansa cervicalis?

Back 76

thyrohyoid m.

Front 77

What is the origin of sternothyroid?

Back 77

1st costal cartilage and posterior manubrium

Front 78

What is the insertion of sternothyroid?

Back 78

oblique line of thyroid cartilage

Front 79

What is the innervation of sternothyroid?

Back 79

ansa cervicalis

Front 80

What is the action of sternothyroid?

Back 80

depresses the hyoid bone and larynx

Front 81

What is the purpose of Right Cardiac Catherization?

Back 81

To measure pressure within the right chambers of the heart

Front 82

In cardiac catherization which vessel does the catheter enter

Back 82

RIGHT internal jugular vein

Front 83

Describe path of catheter in cardicac catherization

Back 83

in through right IJV, right brachiocephalic vein, SVC, right atrium

Front 84

4 Infrahyoid muscles collectively perform which function?

Back 84

anchor hyoid, sternum, clavicle, and scapula and depress hyoid and larynx during swallowing and speaking
also help suprahyoid ms. by providing a firm base for tongue by steading hyoid

Front 85

50% of people have which thyroidal structure?

Back 85

pyramidal lobe

Front 86

Thyroid is responsible for....

Back 86

how quickly body burns energy, makes proteins, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones
produces T3, T4, and calcitonin

Front 87

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) produce which affects?

Back 87

-increase the basal metabolic rate
-affect protein synthesis
-help regulate long bone growth (synergy with growth hormone)
-neuronal maturation
-increase the body's sensitivity to catecholamines (such as adrenaline) by permissiveness. -development and differentiation of all cells of the human body.
-regulate protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, affecting how human cells use energetic compounds.
-stimulate vitamin metabolism.
-heat generation

Front 88

Calcitonin does what?

Back 88

Regulates calcium and phosphate in blood

-Inhibits Ca2+ absorption by the intestines
-Inhibits osteoclast activity in bones
-Inhibits phosphate reabsorption by the kidney tubules
-Calcitonin inhibits tubular reabsorption of Ca2+, leading to increased rates of its loss in urine.

Front 89

Parathyroid hormone does what?

Back 89

In BONE: Indirectly stimulates osteoclasts. It enhances the release of calcium from the large reservoir contained in the bones.[7] Bone resorption is the normal destruction of bone by osteoclasts, which are indirectly stimulated by PTH. Stimulation is indirect since osteoclasts do not have a receptor for PTH; rather, PTH binds to osteoblasts, the cells responsible for creating bone. Binding stimulates osteoblasts to increase their expression of RANKL and inhibits their expression of Osteoprotegrin(OPG). OPG binds to RANKL and blocks it from interacting with RANK, a receptor for RANKL. The binding of RANKL to RANK (facilitated by the decreased amount of OPG) stimulates these osteoclast precursors to fuse, forming new osteoclasts which ultimately enhances bone resorption.increases blood calcium levels.

-In KIDNEYS, PTH enhances active reabsorption of calcium and magnesium from distal tubules and the thick ascending limb. As bone is degraded both calcium and phosphate are released. It also greatly increases the excretion of phosphate, with a net loss in plasma phosphate concentration. By increasing the calcium:phosphate ratio more calcium is therefore free in the circulation.

in INTESTINES: It enhances the absorption of calcium in the intestine by increasing the production of activated vitamin D

Front 90

Which hormones oppose each other in calcium regulation?

Back 90

Calcitonin and PTH/Vitamin D

Front 91

Blood supply of thyroid gland

Back 91

superior thyroid a. (external carotid)
inferior thyroid a. (thyrocervical trunk)
10% have thyroid ima artery (common carotid)

Front 92

artery found in about 10% of people that poses a possible complication in tracheostomy

Back 92

thryoid ima a. (off common carotid)

Front 93

Venous drainage of thyroid gland

Back 93

superior thyroid v. (IJV)
middle thyroid bein (IJV)
inferior thyroid vein (L or R Brrachiocephalic v)

Front 94

origin of left recurrent laryngeal n.

Back 94

wraps around aortic arch

Front 95

origin of right recurrent laryngeal n.

Back 95

wraps around right subclavian a.

Front 96

relationship of recurrent laryngeal ns. to major surrounding structures

Back 96

between trachea and esophagus

Front 97

motor innervation to all larynx muscles except cricothryoid muscle?

Back 97

recurrent laryngeal ns. (CN XI via CN X)

Front 98

What innervates cricothyroid muscle?

Back 98

external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (from vagus)

Front 99

Boundaries of carotid triangle

Back 99

omohyoid m.
SCM
posterior belly of diagastric

Front 100

Contents of carotid triangle

Back 100

-carotid sheath and its structures
-external carotid a. (& some branches)
-superior laryngeal n.
-CN XI--spinal accessory n.
-CN XII--hypoglassal n.
-ansa cervicalis

Front 101

common carotid usually bifurcates at which vertebral level?

Back 101

C4

Front 102

nonterminal branches of external carotid a. (6)

Back 102

superior thyroid
ascending pharyngeal
lingual
facial
occipital
posterior auricular

Front 103

terminal branches of external carotid a.

Back 103

maxillary a.
superficial temporal a.

Front 104

mass of tissue that lies at the bifurcation of common carotid a. and what is its function?

Back 104

carotid body---chemoreceptor for O2, CO2, and H+

Front 105

innervation of carotid body

Back 105

CN IX (carotid sinus nerve) and a little from CN X

Front 106

baroreceptor in internal carotid a.

Back 106

carotid sinus

Front 107

function of carotid sinus

Back 107

detect arterial blood pressure

Front 108

innervation of carotid sinus

Back 108

CN IX (carotid sinus nerve) and a little from CN X

Front 109

superior laryngeal nerve arises from what ganglion?

Back 109

inferior vagal ganglion

Front 110

What are the two branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?

Back 110

internal and external laryngeal ns.

Front 111

Internal laryngeal nerve function

Back 111

sensory and autonoic innervation to laryngeal mucous membrane superior to vocal folds

Front 112

External laryngeal nerve function

Back 112

supplies motor fibers to cricothyroid muscle

Front 113

spinal accessory nerve innervates which muscles and is composed of which fibers?

Back 113

SE, SA--trapezius and SCM

Front 114

hypoglossal n has which fibers?

Back 114

SE and SA

Front 115

Which nerve innervates all of the tongue muscles except palatoglossus?

Back 115

hypoglassal nerve

Front 116

What innervates palatoglossus?

Back 116

CN XI via CN X

Front 117

Ansa cervicalis formed by ventral rami of which spinal roots?

Back 117

C1-C3

Front 118

Superior root of ansa cervicalis is from what?

Back 118

C1

Front 119

Inferior root of ansa cervicalis is comprised of which ventral rami?

Back 119

C2-C3

Front 120

Facial vein empties into internal jugular vein where?

Back 120

opposite or just inferior to hyoid

Front 121

Superior thyroid a. supplies...

Back 121

-thyroid gland
-internal structures of larynx
-thyrohyoid m.
-inferior SCM
-cricothyroid m.

Front 122

Ascending pharyngeal a. supplies...

Back 122

-palate
-tonsils
-pharyngeal constrictors
-stylopharyngeus m.
-auditory tube
-meninges in posterior cranial fossa

Front 123

lingual a. supplies...

Back 123

tongue
soft palate
palatine tonsil
epiglottis
floor of mouth
sublingual gland

Front 124

facial a. supplies...

Back 124

face from mandible to eye to masseter
soft palate
palatine tonsil
submandibular gland
auditory tube

Front 125

occipital a. supplies...

Back 125

meninges of posterior cranial fossa
mastoid cells
SCM
deep muscles of back and post. scalp

Front 126

maxillary a. supplies...

Back 126

TMJ joint
external auditory meatus
tympanic membrane
lateral dura mater of skull
trigeminal ganglion
teeth and gingivae
nasal cavity
pharynx
infrtemporal fossa
mylohyoid
temporalis

Front 127

superficial temporal a. supplies...

Back 127

parotid gland and duct
lateral face
anterior external ear
parietal and temporal fossae
masseter
temporalis

Front 128

posterior auricular a. supplies...

Back 128

-parotid gland and nearby ms.
scalp behind ear
external, middle, inner ear

Front 129

Which arteries supply the soft palate?

Back 129

lingual and facial as.

Front 130

Which arteries supply the parotid gland

Back 130

posterior auricular a. and superficial temporal a.

Front 131

Which artery supplies the TMJ?

Back 131

maxillary a.