Anatomy And Psysiology Histology

Front 1

Tissues

Back 1

Groups of cells similar in structure and function

Front 2

Types of Tissues

Back 2

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve

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2 types of Epithelial tissue

Back 3

Covering and lining epitelia
Glandular epithelia

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Characteristics of Epithelial tissue

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polarity
closely packed cells
supported by a connective tissue
avascular
high rate of regeneration

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Types of Epithelial Cells

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squamous=flat
cuboidal=cube
columnar=taller than they are wide

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Simple Squamous Epithelium

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Function= allowas passage of materials by diffusion and filtration, secretes lubricating substances.

Location= kidneys, alveoli, lining of the heart and blood vessels, lining of the ventral body cavity (serosae)

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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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Function=secretion and absorption

Location= kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands and ovary surface

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Simple Columnar Epithelium

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Function= absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances

Location=noncilliated lines most of the digestive gract, gallbadder and excretoroy ducts of some glands. Ciliated lines bronchi, uterine tubes and some regions of the uterus.

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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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Function= secretion, particularly of mucous, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.

Location= noncilliated in sperm carrying ducts and the ducts of large glands, cilliated lines the trachea and most of the upper repiratory tract.

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Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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Function= protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion.

Location=lining of the espophagus, mouth, vagina. Keratized variey forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane

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Glandular Epithelia

Gland

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one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid.

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Endocrine Glands

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ductless, secrete hormones that travel through lymph of blood to target organs in the body

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Exocrine Glands

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more numerous than endocrine
secrete into ducts
secretions released onto specific body surfaces or into body cavity where the duct opens

ie. mucous, sweat, oil and salivary

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Transitional Epithelium

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Function= stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organs.

Location= urteters, bladder and part of the urethra.

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Modes of Secretion

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_

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Merocrine

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products secreted by exocytosis (pancreas, sweat or salivary glands)

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Holocrine

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products secreted by a rupture of gland cells (sebaceous)

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Connective tisse 4 classes

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connnective tissue proper
cartilage
bone
blood

all derived from same embryonic tissue layer (mesenchyme)

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Functions of connective tissue

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binding and support
protection
insulation
transportation (blood)

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Characteristics of connective tissue

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messenchyme as their common tissue of origin.
varying degrees of vascularity.
Cells separtated by nonliving extracellular matrix. (ground substance and fibers)

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Ground Substance

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medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells

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Components of ground substance

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interstitial fluid
adhesion proteins (glue0
proteglycans
protein core and large polysaccharides
trap water in varying amounts which effects the viscosity of the the ground substance

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Three types of fibers in connective tissue

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collagen (white fibers)....strongest and most abundant.

elastic- networks of long think elastin fibers that allow for stretch.

reticular- short fine highly branched cellagenous fibers.

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cytes

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mature cells

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fibroblasts

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in connective tissue proper

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chondroblasts and chondrocytes in

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cartilage

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osteoblasts

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in bone

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hematopoietic stem cells

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in bone marrow

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Connective tissue proper

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contains loose connective and dense connective tissue

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loose connective tissue

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areolar
adipose
reticular

Front 31

CTP: loose connective tissue
areolar

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Function- wraps and cushions organs, phagocytizes bacteria, important role in inflammation

Location= widely distributed under the epithelia of the body

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CTP:LCT adipose

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Fuction= reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs

Location= under the skin in the hypodermis, around kidneys and eyeballs, in abdomen and breasts.

Front 33

CTP:LCT reticular

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Function= fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cells types including WBCs, mast cells and macrophages.

Location=lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow and the spleen)

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CTP:DCT: dense regular

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Function=attaches muscles to bones or bones to bones. Strong when pulled in one direction

Location=tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

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CTP:DCT dense irregular

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Function= able to withstand tension exerted in many directions, provides structural strength.

Location= fubrous capsules of organs and of joints, the dermis of the skin, submucosa of the digestive tract

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CTP:DCT elastic

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Function= allows recoil of the tissue following stretching, maintains blood flow, asids recoil of lungs following inspiration.

Location= walls of large arteries, within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column, wall of the bronchial tubes.

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3 types of cartilage

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hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

Front 38

hyaline cartilage

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Function= supports and reinforces, has resillient cushioning properties, resists compressive stress.

Location= forms most of the embryonic skeleton, covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities, nose, trachea and the larynx.

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elastic cartilage

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Function= maintains the shape of a structure while providing flexibility.

Location=supports the external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis.

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Fibrocartilage

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Function=tensile strengh with the ability to absorb shock

Location=intervertebral discs, pumpic symphysis, discs of the knee joint.

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bone

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Function= supports and protects by enclosing, provides levers for muscles, stores calcium and other minerals

Location= bones (suprise)

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blood

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Function=transport of respiratory gasses, nutrients, wastes and other substances.

Location= within blood vessels.

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nervous

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Function= transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors which control their activity.

Location=brain, spinal cord and nerves

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3 types of epithelial membranes

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cutaneous- skin

mucous-lining body cavities open to the exterior.

serous- line internal body structures not exposed to the outside.

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3 types of muscle tissue

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skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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skeletal muscle

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Function= voluntary movement

Location= skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to the skin

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cardiac muscle

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Function= as it contracts it propels blood into the circulation, involuntary

Location= walls of the heart

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smooth muscle

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Function= propels substances or objects along internal passageways.

Location= mostly in the walls of hollow organs.

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steps in tissue repair
1. Inflammation

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release of inflammatory chemcials
dilation of blood vessels
increase in vessel permeability
clotting occurs

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steps in tissue repair
2. Organization and restored blood supply

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clot replaced with granulation tissue.

epithelium begins to regenerate.

fibroblasts produce collagen fibers

debris is phagocytized.

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steps in tissue repair
3. Regeneration and fibrosis

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the scab detaches
firbrous tissue matures, epithelium thickens and begins to resemble adjacent tissue.
results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue.