Anatomy And Positioning - Forearm And Elbow

Front 1

2 processes on the proximal end of Ulna

Back 1

Olecranon and Coronoid

Front 2

What are the 2 notches on the proximal end of ulna and what do they articulate with?

Back 2

Trochlear(humerus); Radial (radial head)

Front 3

What does the distal ulna articulate with?

Back 3

carpal bones

Front 4

what are the 2 processes on the distal ulna?

Back 4

ulnar head(articulates with radius) and styloid process

Front 5

What are the 3 things that need to be seen clearly on the proximal end of the radius as it is hard to diagnose fx in this area?

Back 5

head, neck and radial tuberosity

Front 6

what are the 2 things that articulate with head of radius?

Back 6

radial notch of ulna and capitulum of humerus

Front 7

What are the 2 parts of the condyle on the distal end of the humerus?

Back 7

Capitulum on the lateral side which articulates with the head of the radius and 2. the Trochlea on the medial side that articulates with the Ulna

Front 8

just proximal to the condyle are the lateral and medial ________, which are very important in positioning

Back 8

epicondyles

Front 9

just above the trochlea on the anterior surface are 2 small depressions, what are they and what do they receive?

Back 9

Coronoid fossa (receives coronoid process when arm is flexed) and Radial fossa (receives radius head when arm is flexed)

Front 10

On the posterior aspect of the distal humerus there is a larger fossa, what is it and what does it receive?

Back 10

Olecranon Fossa ( receives olecranon process of ulna when arm is extended)

Front 11

What do the distal end of the humerus and the proximal end of the radius and ulna form?

Back 11

the elbow joint (a diathrotic and pivot joint)

Front 12

what are the 2 joints involved in the acts of supination and pronation of the arm?

Back 12

elbow and wrist

Front 13

how many pockets of fat are on the posterior end of the humerus, where is the largest one found and why are they significant to diagnostic radiographs?

Back 13

there are 3 of them, the largest is over the olecranon fossa. They are often displaced in the event of a fx

Front 14

size and views on cassette for forearm

Back 14

either 11x14 or 14x17 depending on size of patient, both AP and lateral on same cassette

Front 15

how should the patient be seated for forearm?

Back 15

entire arm, from axilla to figertips in contact with table

Front 16

CR and collimation? On AP and lateral forearm?

Back 16

CR prep to middle of forearm, collimate from distal end of humerus to proximal row of carpal bones

Front 17

how are epicondyles situated on AP?, on lateral?

Back 17

AP parallel, lateral perpendicular

Front 18

what is important in postioning on lateral forearm?

Back 18

humerus, shoulder, elbow and wrist need to be all in the same plane and elbow needs to be flexed 90 degees

Front 19

What size cassette is used and how many views on it for the elbow?

Back 19

10 x 12 cassette, 4 views Lat/medial obl/lat obl/AP

Front 20

positioning for AP elbow

Back 20

supinate hand, epicondyle parallel, CR perp to middle of elbow

Front 21

what is significant in the AP elbow radiograph?

Back 21

proximal ends of radius and ulna are superimposed

Front 22

positioning of Medial or internal oblique elbow

Back 22

pronate the hand, epicondyles at 45 deg angle, CR on center of elbow

Front 23

what is significant in the med obl elbow radiograph?

Back 23

see coronoid process free of superimpostion

Front 24

positioning for Lateral or external obliqued elbow

Back 24

supinate hand, epicondyle at 45 deg angle (have patient lean to achieve this, CR perp to center of elbow

Front 25

what is significant in the ext obl elbow radiograph?

Back 25

seperates radial head and ulna

Front 26

positioning for Lateral elbow

Back 26

90 deg elbow, very important, just like forearm, epicondyles are perpendicular to cassette

Front 27

what is significant in the lateral elbow radiograph?

Back 27

same structures shown as in AP but in lateral view, can see olecranon process in profile and the fat pads are demonstrated

Front 28

What are the 2 AP views for the elbow when the patient is in a lot of pain and we do what is called a "trauma elbow"?

Back 28

one centering on distal humerus with humerus on table and the other centering on the proximal radius with the radius on the table, both views lenghwise on a 14 x 17 cassette

Front 29

what is the Jones postion?

Back 29

done with arm completely flexed, angle CR to get one view perp to humerus and one to the forearm, done when patient cannot extend arm (probably never do this)

Front 30

postioning for AP humerus

Back 30

14 x 17 cassette lengthwise, supine or erect, CR Perp to middle of humerus, epicondyles are parallel to table, collimate from shoulder to elbow

Front 31

significance of AP humerus radiograph?

Back 31

can see greater tubercle in profile

Front 32

postioning for Lat humerus

Back 32

epicondyles are perpendicular to table, rest hand on hip with elbow out (done only if you are sure there is no fx)

Front 33

significance of Lat humerus radiograph?

Back 33

can see lesser tubercle in profile

Front 34

what is the Lawrence method?

Back 34

for patients with a fx and cannot adduct or rotate arm, it is a trans-throacic view, have patient hold breath for 5 sec and take long exposure, motion of heart takes out lungs