Anatomy And Physiology ~ Unit 6! Sections 3-4

Front 1

Integumentary System

Back 1

System pertaining to the skin; both a membrane (covers body) and organ (several kinds of tissue);
Functions: protection-UV rays, pathogens (germs), etc.
Sensory perception-help respond to pain, pressure, etc.
Body temp. Regulation- blood vessels help retain or lose heat
Storage- stores fat, glucose, water, vitamins, salts
Absorption- medicine (called transdermal medicine)
Excretion- eliminate salt and excess water (perspiration)
Production-produce vitamin D from UV rays and skin compounds

Front 2

Epidermis

Back 2

the outermost layer of skin; made of five to six smaller layers but no blood vessels or nerve cells;
stratum corneum and stratum germinativum

Front 3

Dermis

Back 3

corium-"true skin"; has framework of elastic connective tissue and contains blood vessels; lumph vessels; nerves; involuntary muscle; sweat and oil glands; and hair follicles

Front 4

Subcutaneous fascia or hypodermis

Back 4

innermost layer; made of elastic and fibrous connective tissue and andipose (fatty) tissue, connects the skin to underlying muscles

Front 5

Sudoriferous glands

Back 5

Sweat glands; coiled tubes that extend through dermis and open on the surface of the skin at pores

Front 6

Sebaceous glands

Back 6

Oil glands that usually open onto hair follicles; produce sebum, an oil that keeps the skin and hair from becoming dry and brittle

Front 7

Alopecia

Back 7

Baldness, usually pertaining to males; permanent loss of hair on scalp

Front 8

Dilate

Back 8

Get larger; blood vessels dilate and excess heat from blood can escape through skin

Front 9

Constrict

Back 9

Ger smaller; blood vessels constrict and heat is retained in body

Front 10

Albino

Back 10

a person with an absence of color pigments; skin has pinkish tint and hair is pale yellow or white; eyes are red and sensative to light

Front 11

Erythema

Back 11

Reddish color of the skin that can be caused by either burns or a congestion of blood in the vessels

Front 12

Jaundice

Back 12

Yellow discoloration of the skin, can indicate bile in the blood as a result of liver or gallbladder disease; also occurs in conjunction with certain diseases that involve destruction of red blood cells

Front 13

Cyanosis

Back 13

Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by insufficient oxygen; associated with heart, lung, and circulatory diseases or disorders

Front 14

Macules (macular rash)

Back 14

flat spots on the skin, such as freckles

Front 15

Pauples (papular rash)

Back 15

firm, raised areas such as pimples and the eruptions seen in some stages of chickenpox and syphilis

Front 16

Vesicles

Back 16

Blisters, or fliud-filled sacs, such as those seen in chickenpox

Front 17

Pustules

Back 17

Pus-filled sacs such as those seen in acne or pimples

Front 18

Crusts

Back 18

Areas of dried pus and blood, commonly called "scabs"

Front 19

Wheals

Back 19

Itchy, elevated areas with an irregular shape; hives and insect bites are examples

Front 20

Ulcer

Back 20

A deep loss of skin surface that may extend into the dermis; may bause periodic bleeding and the formation of scars

Front 21

Acne Vulgaris

Back 21

an inflammation of the sebaceous glands; cause is unknown but usually occurs in adolescence

Front 22

Athlete's foot

Back 22

a contagious funcus infection that usually affects the feet; skin itches, blisters, and cracks into open sores

Front 23

Cancer of the skin

Back 23

Occurs in different forms such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma; often developes from a mole or nevus that changes in color, shape, size, or texture

Front 24

Dermatitis

Back 24

Inflammation of the skin, can be caused by many factors and is frequently an allergic reaction to detergents, cosmetics, pollen, or certain foods;<br />Symptoms:dry skin, erythems, itching, edema, macular-papular rashes, scaling

Front 25

Eczema

Back 25

Noncontagious inflammatory skin disorder caused by an allergen or irritant; diet, cosmetics, soaps, medications, and emotional stress can cause eczema;
Symptoms: dryness, erythema, edema, itching, vesicles, crusts, and scaling

Front 26

Impetigo

Back 26

Highly contagious skin infection usually caused by streptococci or staphylococci organisms;
Symptoms: oozing vesicles, pustules, and yellow crust;

Front 27

Psoriasis

Back 27

Chronic, noncontagious, inherited skin disease;
Symptoms: thick, red areas covered w/ white or silver scales; no cure but can be treated

Front 28

Ringworm

Back 28

Highly contagious funcus infection of skin or scalp;
Symptoms: formation of flat or raised circular area w/ clear central area surrounded by an itchy, scaly, or crusty outer ring

Front 29

Verrucae

Back 29

Warts; caused by a viral infection of the skin
Symptoms: rough, hard, elevated, rounded surface on skin; some disappear on their own, others need treatment

Front 30

Skeletal system

Back 30

made of organs: bones; adult human has 206 bones;
Functions: framework, protection (vital organs), levers (help provide movement), production of blood cells (red, white, and platelets), storage (calcium)

Front 31

Diaphysis

Back 31

long part of bone

Front 32

Epiphysis

Back 32

two ends of the bone

Front 33

Medullary canal

Back 33

Cavity in the diaphysis; inner portion of a long bone

Front 34

Yellow marrow

Back 34

Soft tissue in the diaphyses of long bones; mainly fat cells

Front 35

Endosteum

Back 35

Membrane that lines the medullary canal and keeps the yellow marrow intact; also produces some bone growth

Front 36

Red marrow

Back 36

Soft tissue in the epiphyses of long bones; produces red blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets, and some white blood cells; it is used to diagnose blood diseases and is sometimes transplanted in people w/ defective immune systems

Front 37

Periosteum

Back 37

Fibrous membrane that covers the bones except at joint areas; contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and osteoblasts (cells that form new bone tissue); it is necessary for bone growth, repair, and nutrition

Front 38

Axial skeleton

Back 38

Forms the main trunk of the body and is composed of the skull, spinal column, ribs, and breastbone

Front 39

Appendicular skeleton

Back 39

Forms the extremeties and is composed of the shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, and leg bones

Front 40

Cranium

Back 40

Spherical structure that surrounds and protects the brain; made of eight bones: one frontal, two parietal, two temporal, one occipital, one ethmoid, and one sphenoid

Front 41

Fontanels

Back 41

"soft spots" allow for enlargement of the skull as brain growth occurs; made of membrane and cartilage and turn into solid bone by about 18 months of age

Front 42

Sutures

Back 42

areas where the cranial bones have joined together

Front 43

Sinuses

Back 43

air spaces in bones of the skull that act as resonating chambers for the voice; lined with mucous membranes

Front 44

Foramina

Back 44

Openings in bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bones

Front 45

Vertebrae

Back 45

26 bones that make up the spinal column; protect spinal cord and provide support for the head and trunk

Front 46

Intervertebral disks

Back 46

pads of cartilage tissue that separate the vertebrae; they act as shock absorbers and permit bending and twisting movements of the vertebral column

Front 47

Ribs

Back 47

also known as costae; there are 12 pairs; attach to thoracic vertebrae on the dorsal surface of the body

Front 48

True ribs

Back 48

First seven pairs of ribs; attach directly to the sternum, or breastbone, on the front of the body

Front 49

False ribs

Back 49

Next (middle) 5 pairs of ribs; first three pairs of false ribs attach to cartilage of the rib above

Front 50

Floating ribs

Back 50

Last two pairs of false ribs; they have no attachment on the front of the body

Front 51

Sternum

Back 51

breastbone; the last bone of the axial skeleton; consists of three parts, manubrium (upper region), body, and xiphoid process (small piece of cartilage at the bottom)

Front 52

Clavicles

Back 52

Collarbones, helps make up the shoulder, or pectoral girdle

Front 53

Scapulas

Back 53

Shoulder bones; provide for attachment of the upper arm bones; helps make up shoulder, or pectoral girdle

Front 54

Humerus

Back 54

Long bone of upper arm

Front 55

Radius

Back 55

Bone in lower arm on thumb side

Front 56

Ulna

Back 56

Larger bone of lower arm with a projection called the olecranon process at its upper end, forming the elbow

Front 57

Carpals

Back 57

eight bones that make up the wrist

Front 58

Metacarpals

Back 58

Five bones that make up the palm of the hand

Front 59

Phalanges

Back 59

Fourteen bones that make up the fingers

Front 60

Ox Coxae

Back 60

Two bones that make up the pelvic girdle; hip bones

Front 61

Femur

Back 61

Thigh bone in leg; longest and strongest bone in body

Front 62

Patella

Back 62

Kneecap bone

Front 63

Tibia

Back 63

Inner and larger bone of the lower leg, between the knee and ankle

Front 64

Fibula

Back 64

Outer and smaller bone of the lower leg

Front 65

Tarsal

Back 65

One of seven bones that forms the instep of the foot

Front 66

Metatarsal

Back 66

Bone of the foot between the instep and each toe; there are five

Front 67

Joints

Back 67

An articulation, or area where two bones meet or join together

Front 68

Ligaments

Back 68

Fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone

Front 69

Diarthrosis

Back 69

Freely moveable; examples include the ball-and-socket joints of the shoulder and hip, or the hinge joints of the elbow and knee

Front 70

Amphiarthrosis

Back 70

Slightly moveable; an example is the vertebrae

Front 71

Symarthrosis

Back 71

Immovable; an example is the cranium

Front 72

Arthritis

Back 72

A group of diseases involving inflammation of the joints; two main types are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

Front 73

Osteoarthritis

Back 73

The most common form of arthritis; usually occurs as a result of aging; usually affects hips and knees; joint pain, stiffness, aching, and limited range of motion; there is no cure but there are treatments

Front 74

Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 74

Chronic, inflammatory disease affecting the connective tissues and joints; three times more common in women than in men and usually is between ages 35-45; attacks can cause scar tissue formation and atrophy of bone/muscle tissue

Front 75

Bursitis

Back 75

An inflammation of the bursae, small, fluid-filled sacs surrounding the joints; frequently affects the shoulders, elbows, hips, or knees; symptoms include severe pain, limited movement, and fluid accumulation in the joint

Front 76

Fracture

Back 76

A crack or break in a bone; types include greenstick, simple/closed, compound/open, impacted, comminuted, spiral, depressed, colles

Front 77

Greenstick fracture

Back 77

The bone is bent and splits, causing a crack or incomplete break; common in children

Front 78

Simple/closed fracture

Back 78

Complete break of the bone with no damage to the skin

Front 79

Compound/open fracture

Back 79

Bone breaks and ruptures through the skin; creates an increased chance of infection

Front 80

Impacted fracture

Back 80

Broken bone ends jam into each other

Front 81

Comminuted fracture

Back 81

Bone fragments or splinteers into more than two pieces

Front 82

Spiral fratures

Back 82

Bone twists resulting in one or more breaks; common in skiing and skating accients

Front 83

Depressed fractures

Back 83

A broken piece of skull bone mobes inward; common with severe head injuries

Front 84

Colle fractures

Back 84

Breaking and dislocation of the distal radius that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist; caused by falling on an outstretched hand

Front 85

Reduction of a fracture

Back 85

Before a fracture can heal, the bone must be put back into its proper alignment

Front 86

Closed reduction of a fracture

Back 86

involves positioning the bone in correct alignment, usually with traction, and applying a cast or splint to maintain position until fracture heals

Front 87

Open reduction of a fracture

Back 87

Involves surgical repair of the bone; sometimes special pins, plates, or other devices are surgically implanted to maintain correct position of the bone

Front 88

Dislocation

Back 88

When a bone is forcibly displaced from a joint; frequently occurs in shoulders, fingers, knees, and hips; after dislocation is reduced (bone is replaced in the joint), the dislocation is immobilized with a splint, cast, or traction

Front 89

Sprain

Back 89

When a twisting action tears the ligaments at a joint; wrists an ankles are common sites; symptoms include pain, swelling, discoloration, and limited movement

Front 90

Osteomyelitis

Back 90

A bone inflammation usually caused by a pathogenic organism; infectious organisms cause formation of an abscess withing bone and accumulation of pus in medullary canal; sumptoms include pain at site, swelling, chills, and fever, antibiotics are used

Front 91

Osteoporosis

Back 91

Increased porosity or softening of the bones; metabolic disorder caused by a hormone deficiency, prolonged lack of calcium in diet, and sedentary lifestyle; treatment includes increased intake of calcium and vitamin D; medications to increase bone mass, exercise, and/or estrogen replacement

Front 92

Ruptured disk

Back 92

Also called a herniated or slipped disk, occurs when an intervertebral disk (pad of cartilage separating vertebrae) ruptures or protrudes out of place and causes pressure on spinal nerve; can occur anywhere on spinal column; symptoms include severe pain, muscle spasm, impaired movement, and/or numbness

Front 93

Kyphosis

Back 93

"hunchback"; rounded bowing of the back at the thoracic area

Front 94

Scoliosis

Back 94

Side-to-side, or lateral, curvature of the spine

Front 95

Lordosis

Back 95

"Swayback"; an abnormal inward curvature of the lumbar region; poor posture, structural defects of the vertebrae, malnutrition, and degeneration of vertebrae can all be causes