Anatomy And Physiology, Tissue Level, Ch. 4

Front 1

group of similar cells with a common origin and functions to carry out specialized activities

Back 1

Tissue

Front 2

Science that deals with the study of tissues

Back 2

Histology

Front 3

the 4 basic types of body tissues

Back 3

Epithelial

Connective

Muscle

Nervous

Front 4

covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body surfaces, and ducts. Also forms glands

Back 4

Epithelial tissue

Front 5

protects and supports the body, store energy reserves as fat, and helps provide immunity

Back 5

Connective

Front 6

generates physical force to make body move

Back 6

Muscle tissue

Front 7

detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside body and responds by generating impulses to help regulate homeostasis

Back 7

Nervous tissue

Front 8

All tissues in the body develop from 3 primary _____ ______, the first tissues that form in a human embryo: ______, _______, ______

Back 8

Germ layers

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Front 9

mesoderm gives rise to all ______ and most ________

Back 9

connective tissues

muscle tissues

Front 10

Ectoderm develops into

Back 10

nervous tissue

Front 11

removal of a sample of living tissue for microscopic exam

Back 11

biopsy

Front 12

contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells

Back 12

cell junctions

Front 13

consist of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes together

Back 13

tight junctions

Front 14

cells of epithelial tissues that line the stomach, urinary bladder, and intestines have ______ junctions that prevent leaking

Back 14

tight

Front 15

contain plaque, a dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches to both cytoskeleton proteins and membrane proteins. Actin microfilaments extend from the plaque into cell's cytosol, and transmembrane glycoproteins called ________ insert into the plaque from opposite side

Back 15

Adherins junctions

cadherins

Front 16

In epithelial cells, adherins junctions form belts called ________ that encircle the cell to resist separation.

Back 16

adhesion belts

Front 17

have transmembrane glycoproteins like adherins junctions, but also have intermediate filaments made of keratin that extend from _______ on one side of the cell to the other side

Back 17

Desmosomes

Front 18

anchor cells to the basement membrane with transmembrane glycoproteins called integrins. Integrins attach to protein laminin. Do not link to other cells, only basement membrane.

Back 18

Hemidesmosomes

Front 19

membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid filled tunnels called connexons that connect cells.

Back 19

Gap junctions

Front 20

tissue that consist of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers.

Back 20

Epithelial

Front 21

surface of epithelial cells that face the body surface, a body cavity, the lumen of internal organ, or tubular duct that receives secretions from cells

Back 21

Apical (free) surface

Front 22

The _______ of an epithelial cell is opposite the apical surface and adheres to extracellular materials

Back 22

Basal surface

Front 23

_______ in the basal surfaces of epithelial cells anchor the epithelium to the basement membrane

Back 23

hemidesmosomes

Front 24

_______ layer refers to the most superficial layer of cell whereas _____ layer refers to the deepest layer of cells

Back 24

apical

basal

Front 25

a thin extracellular layer that commonly consist of 2 layers, basal lamina and reticular lamina

Back 25

basement membrane

Front 26

The _______ molecules in the ________ adhere to integrins in hemidesmosomes and attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane

Back 26

laminin

basal lamina

Front 27

The _________ is closer to the underlying connective tissue and contains fibrous proteins produced by fibroblasts

Back 27

reticular lamina

Front 28

3 other roles of basement membranes other than attachment

Back 28

1. surface for epithelial cells to migrate during growth and wound healing

2. restrict passage of larger molecules bw epithelium and connective tissue

3. participate in filtration of blood in kidneys

Front 29

Epithelial tissue is _________, meaning it lacks its own blood supply, but it does have a _______ supply

Back 29

avascular

nerve

Front 30

forms the outer covering of skin and some organs. Inner lining of blood vessels, ducts and body cavities. Interior of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems

Back 30

Covering and lining epithelium

Front 31

constitutes the secreting portion of glands, such as thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and sweat glands

Back 31

Glandular epithelium

Front 32

single layer of cells that function in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion (mucus, sweat, enzymes), and absorption (intake of fluids or other substances).

Back 32

Simple epithelium

Front 33

consist of 2 or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues where there is considerable wear and tear

Back 33

stratified epithelium

Front 34

contains only single layer of cells, but appears to have multiple levels bc the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface. Cells that extend to the apical surface are ciliated or secrete mucus

Back 34

pseudostratified epithelium

Front 35

arranged like floor tiles and are thin, which allows for rapid movement of substances through them

Back 35

Squamous cells

Front 36

as tall as they are wide and are shaped like ______. May have microvilli at apical surface and function in either secretion or absorption

Back 36

Cuboidal cells

cubes

Front 37

much taller than they are wide and protect underlying tissues. Their apical surface may have cilia or microvilli, and are often specialized for secretion and absorption

Back 37

columnar cells

Front 38

change shape, from cuboidal to flat and back, as organs stretch to a larger size then collapse to a smaller size

Back 38

transitional cells

Front 39

3 types of simple epithelium

Back 39

simple squamous

simple cuboidal

simple columnar (nonciliated and ciliated)

Front 40

4 types of stratified epithelium

Back 40

stratified squamous (keratinized and nonkeratinized)

stratified cuboidal

stratified columnar

transitional

Front 41

single layer of cells that resembles tiled floor when viewed from apical surface. Found where filtration and diffusion occur (kidneys, lungs)

Back 41

simple squamous epithelium

Front 42

The simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels is

Back 42

endothelium

Front 43

simple squamous epithelium that form the epithelial layer of serous membranes is

Back 43

mesothelium

Front 44

Unlike other epithelial tissues, which arise from embryonic ______ or _______, endothelium and mesothelium both are derived from embryonic _______

Back 44

ectoderm or endoderm

mesoderm

Front 45

modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus at their apical surfaces. Before release, mucus accumulates in the upper portion of cell, causing it to bulge out

Back 45

goblet cells

Front 46

cells in apical layer are flat and keratinized, deep layers are nonkeratinized and can be cuboidal or columnar

Back 46

stratified squamous

Front 47

tough fibrous protein that helps protect skin from heat, microbes, and chemicals

Back 47

keratin

Front 48

collecting and microscopically examining epithelial cells that have sloughed off the apical layer of tissue

Back 48

Papaniclaou test or Pap smear

Front 49

Rare type of tissue with two or more layers. Protective but also functions in secretion and absorption

Back 49

stratified cuboidal

Front 50

Uncommon tissue where the basal layer consist of shortened, irreg shaped cells, only the apical layer has columnar cells. Functions in protection and secretion

Back 50

stratified columnar

Front 51

line GI tract from stomach to anus, ducts of many glands, and gallbladder. Functions in secretion and absorption

Back 51

nonciliated simple columnar

Front 52

Lines a few portions of upper respiratory tract, uterine (Fallopian) tubes, uterus, central canal of spinal cord. Functions in moving mucus and other substances by ciliary action

Back 52

ciliated simple columnar

Front 53

nonkeratinized variety lines wet surfaces, such as lining of mouth, esophagus, part of epiglottis and vagina, and covers the tongue. Functions in protection

Back 53

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Front 54

Found in ducts of adult sweat glands, esophageal glands, and part of male urethra. Functions in protection and limited secretion / absorption

Back 54

stratified cuboidal

Front 55

Lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra. Permits distention

Back 55

Transitional

Front 56

lines the airways of most of upper respiratory tract. Functions in secretion and movement of mucus by ciliary action

Back 56

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Front 57

lines larger ducts of many glands, epididymis. Functions in secretion

Back 57

Pseudostratified nonciliated columnar

Front 58

Found in pituitary gland at base of brain, pineal gland in brain, thyroid and parathyroid glands near larynx, adrenal glands superior to kidneys, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus in thoracic cavity. Produces hormones that regulate body activities

Back 58

Glandular epithelium (Endocrine glands)

Front 59

Found in sweat, oil, and earwax glands of skin; salivary glands, pancreas. Produce mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, and digestive enzymes

Back 59

glandular epithelium (Exocrine glands)

Front 60

consist of single cell of group of cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood

Back 60

gland

Front 61

Secretions of __________ enter interstitial fluid then diffuse directly into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct

Back 61

endocrine glands

Front 62

secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering and lining epithelium. Ex: sweat glands and salivary glands

Back 62

Exocrine glands

Front 63

A single celled exocrine gland

Back 63

unicellular gland

Front 64

If the gland of a multicellular gland does not branch it is a ________. If it branches, it is a ________

Back 64

simple gland

compound gland

Front 65

Exocrine gland made up of secretory cells that remain intact throughout formation and discharge of the secretory product, as in salivary and pancreatic glands

Back 65

Merocrine gland

Front 66

Exocrine gland in which the secretory products gather at the free end of the secreting cell and are pinched off, along with some cytoplasm, to become the secretion, as in mammary glands

Back 66

Apocrine glands

Front 67

Exocrine gland that accumulates secretory product in cytosol, as the secretory cell matures, it ruptures and becomes the secretory product. Ex: sebaceous gland of skin

Back 67

Holocrine gland

Front 68

One of the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body

Back 68

connective tissue

Front 69

tissue that lines joint cavities

Back 69

areolar connective tissue

Front 70

The ground substance and fibers between cells in connective tissue

Back 70

Matrix

Front 71

Connective tissues are usually ______________, with the exception of cartilage which is _________ and tendons which have scanty blood supply

Back 71

highly vascular

cartilage

Front 72

Large flat cell that secretes most of the matrix material of areolar and dense connective tissues

Back 72

Fibroblast

Front 73

Phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte. Mat be fixed or wandering

Back 73

Macrophage

Front 74

small cells that develop from a type of WBC called a B lymphocyte. Secrete antibodies, proteins that attack or neutralize foreign substances in the body

Back 74

Plasma cells

Front 75

abundant along blood vessels that supply connective tissue. Produce histamine, which dilates small blood vessels as part of inflammatory response

Back 75

Mast cells

Front 76

connective tissue cells that store triglycerides. Found below the skin and around some organs

Back 76

Adipocytes

Front 77

viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubes joints, and helps maintain shape of eyeballs.

Back 77

Hyaluronic acid

Front 78

White blood cells, sperm cells, and some bacteria produce _________, an enzyme that breaks apart hyaluronic acid, causing the ground substance to become more liquid.

Back 78

Hyaluronidase

Front 79

Ground substance that provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels.

Back 79

Chondroitin sulfate

Front 80

Ground substance in blood vessels and heart valves

Back 80

Dermatin sulfate

Front 81

Ground substance in bone, cartilage and cornea of eyes

Back 81

Keratan sulfate

Front 82

3 types of fibers embedded in the matrix between cells

Back 82

collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

Front 83

very strong and resist pulling forces, but are not stiff which promotes tissue flexability

Back 83

collagen

Front 84

The most abundant protein in the body, consisting of about 25% of total proteins. Found in high numbers in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments

Back 84

collagen

Front 85

consist of protein elastin surrounded by the glycoprotein fibrillin. Strong and can be stretched 150% before breaking. Have the ability to return to normal shape after stretching- called elasticity.

Back 85

Elastic fibers

Front 86

collagen arranged in fine bundles and coating of glycoprotein, provise support in walls of blood vessels and form network around cells in areolar, adipose, and smooth muscle tissue. Plentiful in many soft organs.

Back 86

Reticular fibers

Front 87

inherited disorder caused by defective fibrillin gene. Tissues rich in elastic fibers become malformed and weakened. Most life threatening complication is weakening of the aorta. Tall person with disproportionally long arms, legs, fingers, toes

Back 87

Marfan syndrome

Front 88

tissue present primarily in the embryo and fetus til birth

Back 88

Embryonic connective tissue

Front 89

developing human from fertilization through the first two months of pregnancy

Back 89

embryo

Front 90

the developing human from the third month of pregnancy til birth

Back 90

fetus

Front 91

tissue from which all other connective tissues eventually arise

Back 91

mesenchyme

Front 92

connective tissue found mainly in the umbilical cord of the fetus

Back 92

mucous connective tissue OR

Wharton's Jelly

Front 93

2 major subclasses of connective tissue

Back 93

embryonic and mature

Front 94

Types of loose connective tissue

Back 94

adipose

areolar

reticular

Front 95

Found in SQ layer of skin, papillary (superficial) region of dermis, around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs. Functions in strength, elasticity, and support

Back 95

areolar connective tissue

Front 96

Found in SQ layer of skin, around heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, padding around joints and behind eyeball in eye socket. Functions in reducing heat loss through skin, energy reserve, supports, protects.

Back 96

Adipose tissue

Front 97

Found around Stroma (supporting framework) of liver spleen, and lymph nodes. Red bone marrow, around blood vessels and muscles. Functions in forming stroma of organs, binds together smooth muscle cells, filters and removes worn out blood cells in the spleen and microbes in Lymph nodes

Back 97

Reticular connective tissue

Front 98

Forms tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses (sheetlike tendons attaching muscle to muscle or muscle to bone). Provides strong attachments

Back 98

Dense regular connective tissue

Front 99

Found in fasciae, reticular (deeper) region of dermis, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, joint capsules, membrane capsules around various organs, pericardium of heart, heart valves. Functions to provide strength.

Back 99

Dense irregular connective tissue

Front 100

Found in lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, suspensory ligament of penis, and ligaments between vertebrae. Allows stretching of various organs

Back 100

elastic connective tissue

Front 101

found on ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, and embryonic and fetal skeleton. Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints as well as flexibility and support.

Back 101

Hyaline cartilage

Front 102

Found in pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks, menisci (cartilage pads) of knee, partions of tendons that insert into cartilage. Provides support and fusion

Back 102

Fibrocartilage

Front 103

The strength of cartilage is due to it's collagen fibers, but it's resilience comes from ______

Back 103

chondroitin sulfate

Front 104

dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate.

Back 104

cartilage

Front 105

epiglottis, part of external ear (auricle), and auditory (Eustachian( tubes. Provides support and maintains shape

Back 105

elastic cartilage

Front 106

Cells of mature cartilage

Back 106

chondrocytes

Front 107

A membrane of dense irregular connective tissue called ______ covers the surface of most cartilage

Back 107

perichondrium

Front 108

2 basic patterns of cartilage growth

Back 108

Interstitial growth

Appositional growth

Front 109

cartilage increases rapidly in size due to division of chondrocytes and deposition of matrix by chondrocytes. Occurs while cartilage is young and pliable, during childhood and adolescence

Back 109

interstitial growth

Front 110

activity of cells in the inner chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium leads to growth. Continues through starts and continues through adolescence

Back 110

appositional growth

Front 111

membrane that lines space within bone that stores yellow bone marrow

Back 111

endosteum

Front 112

The basic unit of compact bone is

Back 112

an osteon or Haversian system

Front 113

What are the 4 parts of an osteon?

Back 113

Lamellae

Lacunae

Canaliculi

Central (Haversian) canal

Front 114

concentric rings of matrix that consist of mineral salts, which gives bone it's hardness, and collagen fibers, which gives it strength

Back 114

lamellae

Front 115

_______ are small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called _________

Back 115

lacunae

osteocytes

Front 116

project from lacunae. Networks of small canals containing the processes of osteocytes. Provide route for nutrients to reach osteocytes and waste to leave.

Back 116

canaliculi

Front 117

contains the blood vessels and nerves in bone

Back 117

Central (Haversian) canal

Front 118

Bone that lacks osteons and consist of columns of bone called trabeculae

Back 118

Spongy bone

Front 119

connective tissue with liquid matrix called blood plasma

Back 119

blood tissue

Front 120

lines joints and contains connective tissue but no epithelium

Back 120

synovial membrane

Front 121

lines body cavities that are directly open to the exterior

Back 121

mucous membranes or mucosa

Front 122

The connective tissue layer of mucous membrane is areolar connective tissue and is called the

Back 122

lamina propria

Front 123

_______ and ________ diffuse from the lamina propria to the epithelium, whereas _______ and _______ diffuse in the opposite direction.

Back 123

Oxygen and nutrients

carbon dioxide and waste

Front 124

lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior, and it covers the organs that lie within the cavity

Back 124

serous membrane or serosa

Front 125

Serous membrane attached to the cavity wall

Back 125

patietal layer

Front 126

Serous membrane attached to the organs inside a cavity

Back 126

visceral layer

Front 127

The mesothelium of a serous membrane secretes _________, a watery lubricating fluid that allows organs to glide easily over one another

Back 127

serous fluid

Front 128

serous membrane lining thoracic cavity and covering lungs

Back 128

pleura

Front 129

serous membrane lining the heart

Back 129

pericardium

Front 130

serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and it's organs

Back 130

peritoneum

Front 131

consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers that can use ATP to generate force

Back 131

muscle tissue

Front 132

tissue that is located in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways to lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and urinary bladder

Back 132

smooth muscle

Front 133

2 cell types of nervous system

Back 133

neurons and neuroglia

Front 134

3 parts of a neuron

Back 134

cell body

dendrites

axons

Front 135

part of a neuron containing the nucleus and other organelles

Back 135

cell body

Front 136

part of neuron that is the major receiving or input portion

Back 136

dendrites

Front 137

the output portion of a neuron, conducting nerve impulses toward another neuron or to some other tissue

Back 137

axon

Front 138

In some cases immature, undifferentiated cells called _______ divide to replace lost or damaged cells

Back 138

stem cells

Front 139

tissue regeneration where fibroblast synthesize collagen and other matrix materials that aggregate to form scar tissue, a process known as

Back 139

fibrosis

Front 140

Scar tissue can form ________, abnormal joining of tissues

Back 140

adhesions

Front 141

is haphazardly added to proteins inside and outside cells, forming irreversible cross links between adjacent protein molecules which contributes to stiffening and loss of elasticity in aging tissues

Back 141

glucose

Front 142

tissue that is located in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways to lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and urinary bladder

Back 142

smooth muscle

Front 143

2 cell types of nervous system

Back 143

neurons and neuroglia

Front 144

3 parts of a neuron

Back 144

cell body

dendrites

axons

Front 145

part of a neuron containing the nucleus and other organelles

Back 145

cell body

Front 146

part of neuron that is the major receiving or input portion

Back 146

dendrites

Front 147

the output portion of a neuron, conducting nerve impulses toward another neuron or to some other tissue

Back 147

axon

Front 148

In some cases immature, undifferentiated cells called _______ divide to replace lost or damaged cells

Back 148

stem cells

Front 149

tissue regeneration where fibroblast synthesize collagen and other matrix materials that aggregate to form scar tissue, a process known as

Back 149

fibrosis

Front 150

Scar tissue can form ________, abnormal joining of tissues

Back 150

adhesions

Front 151

is haphazardly added to proteins inside and outside cells, forming irreversible cross links between adjacent protein molecules which contributes to stiffening and loss of elasticity in aging tissues

Back 151

glucose

Front 152

common autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation and destruction of exocrine glands, especially the lacrimal (tear) glands and salivary glands.

Back 152

Sjogren's syndrome

Front 153

chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue occurring mostly in nonwhite women during their childbearing years. S and S include painful joints, low-grade fever, fatigue, mouth ulcers, weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, rapid loss of scalp hair, and anorexia.

Back 153

Systemic Lupus erythematosus OR Lupus

Front 154

replacement of a diseased or injured tissue or organ with cells or tissue from an animal.

Back 154

Xenotransplantation