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259 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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transport oxygen rich blood from the heart to the tissues
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arteries
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smaller vessels
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arterioles
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inervates the smooth muscle layer control the calibre of the vessels thus the blood pressure
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sympathetic nervous system
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when the vessel constricts
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the blood pressure goes up
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the outer connective tissue layer
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tunica externa
(adventitia) |
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middle smooth muscle layer
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tunica media
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inervates the tunica media
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sympathetic nervous system
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inner layer of simple squamous epithelium
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tunica intima
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gives rise to the brachiocephalic arter, the left common carotid and the left subclavian
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arch of the aorta
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supply the upper extremeties
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subclavians
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a short artery, becomes the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian
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brachiocephalic artery
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branch at the level of the upper part of the thyroid cartilage
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common carotid artery
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an important pulse artery
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common carotid artery
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when common carotid artery is damaged it causes a
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transient ischemic attack
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supplies the brain
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internal carotid artery
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supplies the face, head and neck
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external carotid artery
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become the basilar artery , which helps supply the brain
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vertebral arteries
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becomes the axillary artery at the clavicle
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subclavian artery
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axillary artery becomes the
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brachial artery
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the main blood pressure artery
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brachial artery
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brachial artery divides into
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the ulnar and radial artery
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lies deep and medial
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ulnar artery
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more superficial and lateral
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radial artery
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common pulse taking artery at the wrist
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radial artery
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sends branches to the intercostal muscles
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thoracic aorta
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when the thoracic aorta penetrates the diaphragm it becomes the
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abdominal aorta
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suplies the stomach spllen and liver
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celiac trunk
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suplies the small intestine and half of the colon
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superior mesenteric artery
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supply kidneys
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renal arteries
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supply the gonads
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testicular or ovarian arteries
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supplies the remaining half of the transverse and all of the descending and sigmoid colon
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inferior mesenteric artery
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divides left and right into the common iliac arteries
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abdominal aorta
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supply the pelvic organs
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internal iliac artery
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external iliac artery becomes
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the femoral artery
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femoral artery emerges behind the knee becoming the
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popliteal artery
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popliteal artery divides to become the
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anterior and posterior tibial artery
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anterior tibial artery become the
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dorsalis pedis artery
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thinner and less circular than arteries
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veins
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emerge from capillaries and become veins
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venules
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transport oxygen poor blood from teh tissues back to the heart
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veins
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75% of the blood of the body is in the
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venous system
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prevent the backflow of blood
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valves
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often visible under the skin
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superficial veins
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main central veins
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subclavian, internal jugular, and femoral
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drain blood from the face, head and neck and are visible in the neck
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right and left jugular vein
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if the heart fails and blood backs up in the venous system this is
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jugular venous distention
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external jugular veins empty into the
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sublcavian vein
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venous drainage from teh brain is by way of the
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internal jugular veins
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runs along the lateral aspect of forearm and arm going deep at the deltoid muscle
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cephalic vein
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controls BP
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arterioles
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kidneys function
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filter waste products from the blood
maintain fluid, acid base, and electrolyte balance |
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lie retroperitoneally against the back body wall, imbedded in fat, at about the spinal level t-11 to L-3
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kidneys
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which kidney is lower
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right kidney
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why is one kidney lower
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because of the liver
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what contains the renal artery, vein and pelvis
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hilum
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what forms the renal pelvis
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calyces
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filters blood substances into a small tubule
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glomerulus
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glomerulus and tubule makes up the
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nephron
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two renal arteries arise from the
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abdominal aorta
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two renal veins empty into the
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inferior vena cava
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system important in causing vasoconstriction and release of renin
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sympathetic
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highpressure about 45 mm Hg
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hydrostatic pressure
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two opposing pressures
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oncontic pressure and the tubule pressure
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plasma protein pressure
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oncontic pressure
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controls BP
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arterioles
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kidneys function
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filter waste products from the blood
maintain fluid, acid base, and electrolyte balance |
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lie retroperitoneally against the back body wall, imbedded in fat, at about the spinal level t-11 to L-3
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kidneys
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which kidney is lower
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right kidney
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why is one kidney lower
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because of the liver
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what contains the renal artery, vein and pelvis
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hilum
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what forms the renal pelvis
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calyces
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filters blood substances into a small tubule
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glomerulus
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glomerulus and tubule makes up the
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nephron
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two renal arteries arise from the
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abdominal aorta
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two renal veins empty into the
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inferior vena cava
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system important in causing vasoconstriction and release of renin
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sympathetic
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highpressure about 45 mm Hg
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hydrostatic pressure
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two opposing pressures
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oncontic pressure and the tubule pressure
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plasma protein pressure
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oncontic pressure
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controls BP
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arterioles
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kidneys function
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filter waste products from the blood
maintain fluid, acid base, and electrolyte balance |
|
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lie retroperitoneally against the back body wall, imbedded in fat, at about the spinal level t-11 to L-3
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kidneys
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which kidney is lower
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right kidney
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why is one kidney lower
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because of the liver
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what contains the renal artery, vein and pelvis
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hilum
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what forms the renal pelvis
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calyces
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filters blood substances into a small tubule
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glomerulus
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glomerulus and tubule makes up the
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nephron
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two renal arteries arise from the
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abdominal aorta
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two renal veins empty into the
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inferior vena cava
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system important in causing vasoconstriction and release of renin
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sympathetic
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highpressure about 45 mm Hg
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hydrostatic pressure
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two opposing pressures
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oncontic pressure and the tubule pressure
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plasma protein pressure
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oncontic pressure
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measures the status of the glomeruli
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glomular filtration rate (GFR)
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this allows transportation of sumbstances if there is less on one side of the membrane
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active transport
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substances actively transported
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sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, glucose, and amino acids
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when the concentration of substances in the filtrate exceeds the transport rate it will appear in the urine...when the concentration of substances in the filtrate exceeds the transport rate it will appear in the urine...
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renal threshold
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glucose in the urine is from
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diabetes mellitus
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if NaCl is decreased in the bloodstream , ______, is secreted and more NaCl is absorbed
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aldosterone
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a group of cells at the junction of the afferent arteriole and glomerulus
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juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
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converts angiotensin in the plama to angiotensin I causing vasoconstriction and raises the blood pressure and stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
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renin
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is secreted in response to low blood pressure but also during essential hypertension
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renin
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a hormone formed in the kidney tubules that increases RBC production in the bone marrow. low oxygen stimulates it and high oxygen shuts it off
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erythropoetin
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the kidney has three buffers:
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bicarbonate
phosphate ammonia |
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the two ureters lie on this muscle
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psoas muscle
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a muscle receptacle for urine, lined with mucosa, lying in the suprapubic region of the abdomen
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urinary bladder
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bladder lies
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peritoneal
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voiding, urination
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micturition
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a narrow tube leading from the bladder to the outside
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urethra
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a simple, inexpensive and informative series of lab tests (color, appearance, and a microscopic examination of urine)
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urinalysis
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cloudy urine indicates
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bacterial infection
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urine sediment shows abnormal constituents, such as
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bacteria, WBC and RBC
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an important indicator of kidney disease
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protein (proteinuria
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commonly present in a bladder infection or stones
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blood (hematuria)
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usually indicates diabetes mellitus
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glucose
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seen in fasting because the body uses fat for energy
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ketones
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reflects kidney fnction.
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blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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the breakdown of proteins causes the formation of
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ammonia
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ammonia is converted to
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urea
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if the excretion of urea is blocked, as in kidney disease....
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urea accumulates in the bloodstream
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the amount of urea in blood is calculated by measuring the amount of
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nitrogen in the body
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the moist important cause of a greatly elevated BUN is
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kidney disease or failure
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the amount of filtrte cleared from the glomeruli of both kidneys in one minute
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glomular filtration rate (GFR)
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commonly used substance that is neither secreted nor readsorbed
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creatinine
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clearance is calculated as follows
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concentration of urine times urine converted to ml/min divided by creatinine in plasma
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average creatinine clearance is between
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85 to 125 ml/min
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an x-ray of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
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intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
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an increase in urine production
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diuresis
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most diuretics block the readsorption of
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sodium
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an important side effect of diuretics
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loss of potassium
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blocking sodium readsorption at teh proximal tubule results in
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increased sodium at the distal tubule
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potassium losing diuretics are
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thiazides, and furosemides
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blocks the reabsorption of sodium from the proximal tubule
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caffeine
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blocks ADH secretion from he posterior pituitary
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alcohol
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a common infection, mostly effecting females.
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bladder infection (cystitis)
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bladder infection usually shows these in the UA
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white cells and often blood
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a disease involving antigen-antibody reactions affecting the glomeruli
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glomerulonephritis
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most consist of calcium salts and preicpitates in the renal calyces and pelvis
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kidney stones (calculi)
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sometimes used "stone crushing" an ultrasonic beam is focused on the stone and pulverizes it
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lithotripsy
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an infection of the kidney
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pyelonephritis
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in pyelonephritis the UA shows
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bacteria and white cells
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main causes of chronic renal failure are
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diabetes and hypertension
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in cases of renal failure the follow are decreased
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secretion
filtration rate tubular absorption |
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erythropoietin secretion is decreased shows
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anemia
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the ability of the kidney to clear normal metabolic acids from the bloodstream is reduced
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acidosis
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calcium readsorption from the tubule is decreased
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hypocalemia
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the BUN creatinine and uric acid are increased
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nitrogen retention
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weakness and fatigue due to
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sodium, potassium and calcium abnormalities
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present because of the excretion of an increased solute load
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polyuria and nocturia
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because of injury to the JCGA and the release of renin
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hypertension
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the accumulation of waste products in skin vessels
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pruritis
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if the aorta is damaged the breathing muscles can still recieve blood by way of the
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thoracic arteries
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runs along the medial aspect of the forearm and arm and goes deep at the biceps muscle
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basilic vein
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between the basilic and cephalic veins
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median cubital vein
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the first main deep vein is the
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axillary vein
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the axillary vein becomes the
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subclavian vein
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the subclavian vein joins the
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internal jugular vein
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the internal jugular vein joins the
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brachiocephalic vein
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two brachiocephalic veins join the
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superior vena cava
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the superior vena cava empties in the
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right atrium
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lies on the posterior wall, drains the intercostal veins
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azygous system
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the azygous veins empty into the
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superior vena cava
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goes from the gonads
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right and left testicular or ovarian veins
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drain the pelvic structures
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internal iliac veins
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continuation of the femoral veins
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external iliac veins
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superficial veins of the leg begin as the
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dorsal venous arch on the top of the foot
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ascends medially from the foot up the leg to the thigh and drains into the femoral vein
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greater saphenous vein
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may become chronically dilated in people with varicose veins
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greater saphenous vein
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commonly used in heart bypass surgery
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greater saphenous vein
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blood fow fastest in the
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arteries
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blood flow slowest in the
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capillaries
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anterial tibial vein and posterior tibial vein drain into the
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popliteal vein
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major vein of the leg
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femoral vein
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average blood volume is _____ liters
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five to six
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heart rate over 100 is
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tachycardia
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heart rate less than 60 is
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bradycardia
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heart rate at birth is about
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120
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regulated by the sympathetic nerves to the arterioles, normally, arterioles are in a state of partial constriction
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blood pressure
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the sympathetic nervous system is in a state of continuous stimulation in
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hypertension
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blood pressure is measured with a
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sphygmomanometer
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blood pressure in the arterioles
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about 65 mm Hg
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blood pressure in the capillaries
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about 30 mm Hg
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blood pressure in veins
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0 or negative pressure
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the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
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pulse pressure
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normal blood pressure range
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140/90
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a fall in systolic an diastolic pressures
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hypotension
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hypotension caused by
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heart failure, shock, dehydration
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recorded in the following way: the patient lies for 3 minutes and BP and HR are taken, then stands for 1 min and they are retaken
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orthostatic vitals
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when the heart rate increases by 30 beats per minute or the person becomes fain while standing is a postive test for
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orthostatic vitals
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factors effecting venous return (5)
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gravity
respiratory pump muscular pump cardiac pump valves |
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regulates the three vital signs: the heart rate and blood pressure and respiration
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reticular formation in the medulla
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what nerve regulates the three vital signs
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vagus nerve
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slows the HR by stimulating the vagus nerve
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carotid massage
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hardening of the arteries
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atherosclerosis
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deposition of fatty plaques in medium and large arteries
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atherosclerosis
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increased arteriosclerosis is seen in countries with high fat diets
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lipid theory
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the weak wall may also balloon out
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aneurysm
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the number one disorder of the cardiovascular system is
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atherosclerosis
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an abnormal dilation of a part of a vessel
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aneurysm
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a mass traveling in the bloodstream
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embolus
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an area of dead tissue caused by loss of blood supply
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infarct
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temporary deficiency of blood supply to a tissue
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ischemia
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blockage of a vessel
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occlusion
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an intravascular clot
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thrombus
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the most common cardiac arrest is a
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myocardial infarction
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the heart stops completely
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asystole
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the heart fibrillates
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ventricular fibrillation
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there may be an EKG tracing without a
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pulse
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CPR steps
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est. unresponsivness
call EMS open airway using chin lift look, listen and feel for breathing begin CPR |
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caused by atheriosclerosis and superimposed plaque and thrombus formation in one or more coronary arteries
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coronary artery disease
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medical management of CAD consists of
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nitroglycerin
|
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maneuver a balloon tipped catheter into a coronary artery which inflates and dilates the narrowed area
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coronary angioplasty
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chest pain usually lasting 5 to 15 minutes brought on by exertion or stress relieved by sublingual nitro
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stable angina pectoris
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a condition between stable angina and myocardial infarction
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unstable angina pectoris
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MONA
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morphine
oxygen nitro aspirin |
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non drug therapy of hypertension
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salt restriction, weight reduction, decreased alcohol, no smoking, and aerobic exercise
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inadequate blood supply to the vital organs
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shock
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requires the rapid infusion of IV Ringer's lactate or normal saline
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hypovolemic shock
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dopamine may be added to sustain blood pressure in
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cardiogenic shock
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shock due to an overwelming infection caused by various microorganisms, the more common being gram negative bacteria
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septic shock
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seen in otherwise young healthy people, the rate ranges from 150 to 250 per minute
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paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)
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a common arhythmia in the elderly and is treated if the person is syptomatic of the ventricular rate is high
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atrial fibrillation
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common in older people, are also seen in smokers and coffee drinkers
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premature ventricular contractions (PVC)
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a life threatenning arythmia often evolves into ventricular fibrillation
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venticular tachycardia
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the main artery in the testis is the
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testicular artery from the abdominal aorta
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a network of veins in the scrotum is called
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the pampiniform plexis
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the testis is covered by a perotoneal-like membrane, the
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tunica vaginalis
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the continuation of the tubule system, likes posterior to the testis and is called the
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epididymis
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this raises the testis
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cremaster msucle
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this passes up the inguinal canal lateral and posterior to the bladder and enters the prostate gland
|
vas deferens
|
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the glands that join the vas deferens as it enters the prostate
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seminal vesicles
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at the root of the penis these glands enter the urethra
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bulbourethral glands
|
|
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composed of three meshworks of erectile tissue
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penis
|
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two large erectile tissues
|
corpora cavernosa
|
|
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one smaller erectile tissue
|
corpora spongiosum
|
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each testis is composed of about ___ small tubules
|
800
|
|
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what are the tubules called in the penis
|
seminiferous tubules
|
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the cells that secrete male hormones
|
interstitial cells
|
|
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male hormones are known collectively as
|
androgens
|
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the main androgen
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testosterone
|
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fromed alon gthe walls of the seminiferous tubules
|
sperm (spermatozoa)
|
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simtulates spermatogenesis
|
FSH- Follicle stimulating hormone
|
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stiulates the secretion of testosterone from interstitial cells
|
LH- luteinizing hormone
|
|
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stimulates the production of FSH and LH
|
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
|
|
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males under the age of ten produce little testosterone because
|
no releaseing hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus
|
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increases the synthesis of protein in cells
|
testosterone
|
|
|
production of sperm
|
spermatogenesis
|
|
|
contain the diploid number of chromosomes (46)
|
spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes
|
|
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contains haploid number of chromosomes (23)
|
secondayr spermatocytes
|
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spermatocytes become
|
speratids then spermatazoa
|
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sperm migrate from the seminiferous tubules to the
|
epididymis where the become motile
|
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sperm is stored in the
|
vas deferens
|
|
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first stage of spinal cord reflex
|
emission
|
|
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second stage of smpinal cord reflex
|
ejaculation
|
|
|
involves the contraction of the epididymis, the vas deferens, the prostate, and the seminal vesicles. semen moves into the urethra
|
emission
|
|
|
consists of contraction of the muscles at the base of the penis
|
ejaculation
|
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|
a 2 cm piece of vas is removed and the ends are tied
|
vasectomy
|
|
|
rejoining after a vasectomy fertility is less than
|
50%
|
