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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SULCUS
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GROOVE
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GYRUS
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RIDGE
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FISSURE
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LARGE GROOVE
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WHITE MATTER
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MYLENATED NERVE FIBERS
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TRACTS
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COLLECTION OF NERVE FIBERS IN THE CNS HAVING A COMMON FUNCTION.
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-WHAT IS GREY MATTER
-HOW MANY |
NERCE CELL BODIES IN THE CNS.
-14 MILLION |
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NUCLEI
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COLLECTION OF NERVE CELL BODIES INSIDE THE CNS
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GANGLIA
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COLLECTION OF NERVE CELL BODIES OUTSIDE OF THE CNS
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-NEUROGLIA
-HOW MANY |
GLIA MEANS GLUE. CONNECTIVE TYPE CELLS OF THE CNS.
-A TRILLION |
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CENTRAL SULCUS
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SEPARATES MOTOR AND SENSORY AREAS
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LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
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DIVIDES CEREBRUM INTO RIGHT AND LEFT HALVES.
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TRANSVERSE FISSURE
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SEPARATES TEMPORAL LOBE FROM THE REST OF THE BRAIN
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CORPUS CALLOSUM
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WHITE MATTER CONNECTING THE TWO HEMISPHERES
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BASAL GANGLIA
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COLLECTION OF NERVE CELL BODIES LYING WITHIN THE WHITE MATTER OF CEREBRUM
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BASAL GANGLIA
-FUNCTION -IMPORTANCE |
-FUNCTION: MOTOR COORDINATION; FORMS IMPORTANT PART OF EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM.
IMPOR: PARKINSONS DISEASE IS A DISORDER OF THE BASAL GANGLIA |
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DOMINANT MEANS
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LANGUAGE
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FUNCTION OF PRECENTRAL GYRUS
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VOLUNTARY MOTOR AREA OF THE BRAIN
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FUNCTION OF BROCAS AREA
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MOTOR ASPECTS OF SPEECH
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WHAT IS IN THE FRONTAL AREA
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PRECENTRAL GYRUS
BROCAS AREA |
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WHAT DOES THE PARIETAL LOBE CONTAIN
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POST-CENTRAL GYRUS
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What is the function of the Post-central gyrus
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Sensory area of the brain
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What does the temporal lobe contain?
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Auditory canal
Wernickes area-involved in comprehension of language. |
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What is contained in the occiptial area
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Visual area
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What areas involved with higher learning?
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Majority of Cerebral Cortex
Three major areas: Frontal, temporal, parieto-occipital |
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churlish
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adj. rude; boorish
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Stimulants
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CAFFEINE, AMPHETAMINES, COCAINE
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WHAT DO STIMULANTS INCREASE
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CATECHOLAMINES, NOREPINEPHRINE ADN DOPAMINE
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WHAT ARE DEPRESSANTS
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ALCOHOL/NARCOTICS/MINOR TRANQUIRLIZERS AND BARBITUATES.
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WHAT DO DEPRESSANTS DO?
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INHIBIT NOR EPINEPHRINE AND DOPAMINE
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WHAT DO HALLUCINOGENS RELEASE OR BLOCK
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LSD BLOCKS: SEROTONIN
PCP BLOCKS: ACETYLCHOLINE. |
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PHYSICAL DEPENDANCE IS SEEN WITH __________
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DEPRESSANTS
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TOLERANCE IS SEEN WITH
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DEPRESSANTS AND STIMULANTS.
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WHY ARE AMPHETAMINES DANGEROUS?
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BECAUSE PHYSICAL DEPENDANCE DOESNT EXCIST AND YOU CANT ACCESS TOLERANCE.
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WHAT DOES THE BRAINSTEM CONTAIN?
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CENTERS FOR VITAL FUNCTIONS/CENTER FOR CRANIAL NERVES
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WHAT IS THE BRAINSTEM CALLED
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PRIMITIVE BRAIN
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WHAT DOES THE THALAMUS DO
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MAIN RELAY STATION FOR SENSORY FIBERS EXCEPT SMELL.
CRUDE SENSATION PAIN MUSCULAR COORDINATION |
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HYPOTHALAMUS LIES BETWEEN WHAT
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THALAMUS ABOVE ADN PITUITARY BELOW.
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WHAT DOES THE HYPOTHALAMUS DO?
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-CONTROLS PITUITARY RELEASING HORMONE
-TEMPERATURE CENTER -SEXUAL CENTER -THIRST AND HUNGER CENTER -RAGE AND FEAR CENTER |
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WHERE IS THE MIDBRAIN?
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BETWEEN THE TALAMUS AND THE PONS
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WHAT DOES THE MIDBRAIN DO?
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-CONTAINS VISUAL AUDITORY REFLEXES
-CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI -PART OF RAS |
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WHERE IS THE PONS LOCATED
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BETWEEN MIDBRAIN AND MEDULLA
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WHAT DOES THE PONS DO?
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-REGULATES RYTHM D/C OF RESPIRATORY CENTER OF MEDULLA
-CONTAINS CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI -"CENTER FOR REM SLEEP" |
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WHERE IS THE MEDULLA
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CONNECTS THE PONS AND SPINAL CORD
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WHAT DOES THE MEDULLA DO
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-REGULATES HEARTBEAT
-VASOMOTER CENTER: REGULATES BP -REGULATES BREATHING |
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BECAUSE THE MEDULLA CONTROLS VITAL FUNCTION, INJURY IS WHAT
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FATAL
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WHERE IS THE CEREBRELLUM
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LIES IN THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA. COMPOSED OF OUTER CORTEX AND INNER WHTE MATTER, SIMILAR TO CEREBRUM
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WHAT DOES CEREBRELLUM DO?
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CENTER FOR BALANCE EQUILIBRIIUM AND MUSCULAR COORDINATION.
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WHY CEREBRELLUM IMPORTANT
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LESIONS OF CEREBRELLUM RARE-FROM ALCOHOL, RESULTS IN BALANCE AND COORDINATION DIFFICULTIES.
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WHERE LOCATED; RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM
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INNER CORE OF THE SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN STEM.
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-WHAT IS RETICULAR FORMATION FUNCTION
-WHAT IS RAS FUNCTION |
-INVOLVED IN REG OF RESP.,BP, HR, ENDOCRINE SECRETION, CONDITIONED REFLEXES, LEARNING AND CONSCIOUSNESS.
-PORTION RESPONSIBLE FOR AROUSAL REACTION |
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HOW MANY STAGES SLEEP
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4, LAST IS THE DEEPEST
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WHAT IS REM
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RAPID EYE MOVEMENT, STARTS AT INTEVALS OF 90 MINUTES.
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HOW MANY MENINGES
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THREE
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EPIDURAL SPACE
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BETWEEN SKULL AND DURA MATER.
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DURA MATER
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THICK, TOUGH, OUTER COVERING OF CNS
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SUBDURAL SPACE
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SPACE BETWEEN DURA AND ARACHNOID
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ARACHNOID
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MIDDLE WEB-LIKE MEMBRANE OF THE CNS, CONTAINING MANY VESSELS.(SOME OF CSF VENOUS SYSTEM)
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SUBARACHNOID SPACE
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BETWEEN ARACHNOID AND PIA, CONTAINS CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; ENDS AT VERTEBRAL LEVEL S-2
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PIA MATER
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THIN INNER LAYER DIRECTLY ADHERENT TO THE BRAIN AND CORD.
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HOW CSF PRODUCED
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FILTRATION OF BLOOD THROUGH CAPILLARY PLEXUS(CHORIOD PLEXUS) LYING IN CAVITIES (VENTRICLES) IN BRAIN.
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HOW CSF FLOW
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VENTRICLES, FLOWS AROUND SMALL OPENINGS INTO SUBARACHNOID SPACE. FLOWS AROUND BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD AND FILTERS BACK TO VENOUS SYSTEM AT DURAL SINUSES.
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WHAT DOES CSF DO?
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FLUID CUSHION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE
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IN A SUBARACHNOID HEMORHAGE, CSF SHOWS WHAT COLOR
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YELLOW
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ARTERIAL SUPPLY TO BRAIN IS FROM
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INTERNAL CAROTID AND VERTEBRAL ARTERIES.
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LUMBAR PUNCTURS ARE DONE BELOW???
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L-2 TO AVOID SPINAL CORD. SPINAL CORD ENDS BETWEEN L-1 ADN L-2
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THE TWO INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERIES BECOME WHAT
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MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERIES
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TWO VERTEBRAL ARTERIES BECOME WHAT
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FUSE A PONS AND FORM THE BASILAR ARTERY
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MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERIES AND BASILAR ARTERY
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CIRCLE OF WILLIS AT THE MIDBRAIN (ANASTOMOSE).
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THE CIRCLE OF WILLIS DOES WHAT
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ENSURES VASCULARZATION IN SPITE OF OTHER VESSEL OCCLUSION.
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VENOUS DRAINAGE FROM BRAIN IS BY
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SEVERAL VEINS, DURAL SINUSES, SPACES IN TEH DURA THAT DRAIN TO TWO DEEP VEINS, INTERNAL JUGULAR VEINS
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SPINAL CORD EXTENDS FROM
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FORAMEN MAGNUM TO SLIGHTLY ABOVE 2ND LUMBAR.
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Spina cord _____matter is on teh inside and _____matter on the outside. The ______ of the brain
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gray, white, opposite.
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Grey matter forms an _____ inside the cord. The posterior or dorsal consists of _____sensory fibers and the cell bodies of interneurons.
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H, INCOMING
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THE ANTERIOR OF THE SPINAL CORD H CONSISTS OF ______CELL BODIES WHOSE AXONS TRAVEL TO ____MUSCLE
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MOTOR NERVE, SKELETAL
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SPINAL CORD WHITE MATTER IS MADE UP OF ____________
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MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS
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WHAT IS THE BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE CAROTIDS
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CAROTID SYSTEM
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WHAT IS THE BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE VERTEBRALS AND BASILAR SYTEM
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THE VERTEBROBASILAR SYSTEM
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VENOUS DRAINAGE FROM THE BRAIN IS BY WHAT
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-SEVERAL VEINS, DURAL SINUS, SPACES IN TEH DURA THAT DRAIN TO TWO DEEP VEINS THE INTERNAL JUGULAR VEINS.
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WHAT IS SPINAL CORD WHITE MATTER MADE OF?
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MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS.
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WHAT DIFFERENT NEURO PATHS ARE THERE
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ASCENDING AND DESCENDING
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SENSORY TRACT PATH
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(ASCENDING) Pain and Temperature. Originate on the skin and other organs enter spinal cord at various levels, cross over to other side and ascend to thalamus as the lateral spino-thalamic tract.Then run to post-central gyrus of parietal lobe (sensory center)
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PROPRIOCEPTIVE
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MEANS AWARENESS OF THE POSITIONS OF THE ARMS AND LEGS.
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PROPRIOCEPTIVE PATHWAY #2
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ACOMPANY THOSE FOR TWO POINT DISCRIMINATION AND VIBRATORY. LOCATED IN MUSCLES, TENDONS, LIGAMENTS, JOINTS. THE NEURONS RUN AS WITH THE PAIN AND TEMPERATURE FIBERS, TO THE SPINAL CORD.
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PROPRIOCEPTIVE PATHWAYS
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1.) ACOMPANY TWO POINT
2.) SOME FIBERS SYNAPSE DIRECTLY WITH MOTOR NEURONS, VENTRAL HORNS FORMING DTR. 3.) RUN UP THE DORSAL PART OF THE SPINAL CORD AS THE DORSAL COLUMNS. CROSS OVER AT MEDULA AND FIBERS ASCEND TO THE THALAMUS. THEN TRAVEL TO POSTCENTRAL GYRUS. |
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WHERE IS THE MOTOR (DESCENDING)TRACT
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THE MAIN MOTOR TRACT IS THE PYRAMIDAL (CORTICOSPINAL) TRACT
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WHAT IS THE MOTOR TRACT DEAL WITH
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FINE, SKILLED MOVEMENTS
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MOTOR PYRAMIDAL TRACT PATH
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-FIBERS IN PRE CENTRAL GYRUS OF FRONTAL LOBE OF THE CORTEX AND DESCEND TO MEDULLA. CROSS OVER
DESCEND CORD AS LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT. AXONS SYNAPSE WITH MOTOR NEURONS OF VENTRAL HORNS. RUN TO SKELETAL MUSCLES. |
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A STROKE INVOLVING ONE SIDE OF BRAIN CAUSES SENSORY AND MOTOR LOSS WHERE?
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OPOSITE SIDE OF BODY.
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GLASGOW COMA SCALE
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A NEUROLIGICAL SCALE FOR LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS KNOWN AS FIFTH VITAL SIGN.
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WHAT IS NORMAL GLASGOW COMA SCALE
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15
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WHAT IS SIGNIFICANT INJURY IN GLASGOW COMA SCALE
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12
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WHAT IS COMA IN GLASGOW COMA SCALE AND CAN INTUBATE.
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8
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WHAT IS DEATH IN GLASGOW COMA SCALE
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3
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APHASIA
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LANGUAGE DIFFICULTIES, DEFECTS IN SPEECH, COMPREHENSION, OF SPEECH, OR THE WRITTEN WORD.
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ATAXIA
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LOSS OF MUSCULAR COORDINATION
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COMA
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STATE OF DEPRESSED BRAIN FUNCTION IN WHICH THE PATIENT CANNOT BE AROUSED.
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SYNCOPE
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BRIEF PERIOD OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS. THE MOST COMMON CAUSE IS EMOTIONAL FAINTING OR VASOVAGAL SYNCOPE.
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PRIMARY BRAIN TUMORS ARE FROM ?
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GLIA CELLS
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CERBRAL PALSY
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A GENERAL TERM FOR BRAIN DAMAGE BEFORE, DURING, OR SHORTLY AFTER BIRTH. THE INVOLVE ENTIRE BRAIN, OFTEN LIMITED TO THE PYRAMIDAL AND EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS
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CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
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GRADUAL BUILDUP OF ARTERIOSCLEROTIC LESIONS IN ARTERIES OF THE NECK OR BRAIN.
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What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA)
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A pre-stroke condition mimicking a stroke
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How long does a TIA last?
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Resolving in less than 24 hours (80% resolve in and hour.)
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TIA Cause
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because of arteriosclerosis narrowing of the carotid artery at its bifurcation and/or the vertebral artery at its origin predispose to a tia. Pieces of ulcerated plaque break off, forming emboli that travel to the brain.
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TIA treatment
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Arteriography used to assess. Medicinal therapy, tylen.
ol. surgical tx involves excision of thickened atheromatous tunica intima |
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STROKE
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CVA stroke is an abrupt loss of brain function by vascular lesion lasting > 24 hours.
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CVA arteries affected
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internal carotid/middle cerebral producing upper motor neuron and sensory losses on opposite side of body
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HEMIPARESIS
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PARTIAL MOTOR DEFICIT ON ONE SIDE OF THE BODY.
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HEMIPLEGIA
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TOTAL MOTOR DEFICIT ON ONE SIDE OF THE BODY
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Types of Strokes
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-Thrombosis: 80%-Occurs during sleep
-Embolism- <10% usualy during waking hours source heart. Hemmorrhage 20 higest mortality rate- |
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Quadriplegia
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total motor deficit of both arms and legs.
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STROKE SIGHNS
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LIMBS INITIALLY FLACCID.
LATER BECOME SPASTIC. FOREARM IN FLEXION AND LEG IN EXTENSION BECAUSE OF UNEQUAL INERVATIONS.CAUSE OF SPACISITY FROM LOSS OF CONTROL OF LOWER MOTOR NEURONS BY UPPER MOTOR NEURONS. |
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BEHAVIORAL CHANGES FROM STROKE
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FROM AREAS OF CORTEX. LEFT HEMISPHERE INVOLVED, LANGUAGE DIFFICULTIES (APHASIA) OCCUR. A RIGHT OR NON-DOMINANT, HEMISPHERE STROKE PRODUCES INATTENTION AND UNCONCERN. CONFUSION IN BOTH.
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STROKE TREATMENT
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SUPPORTIVE. HYPERTENSION IN HEMORRHAGIC STROKE TREATED WITH NITROPRUSIDE OR LABETALOL. THROMBOLYTICS USED IF WITHIN 3 HOURS OF ONSET OF ISCHEMIC STROKE.
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TYPES OF HEMORRHAGE STROKE
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INTRACEREBRAL- OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERTENSION AND FOLLOWS HEADACHE
SUBARACHNOID-RUPTURED ANEURYSM MAYBE CIRCLE OF WILLIS; IT OFTEN OCCURS DURING EXCERCISE. |
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STROKE DIAGNOSIS
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MADE BY CT OR CAT. MRI MAY DETECT WHERE OTHERS CANT.
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HEAD INJURY CONCERNS
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INTRACRANIAL BLEEDING
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CONCUSSION
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BRIEF LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS FROM HEAD INJURY.AMNESIA MAY OCCUR.COMPLETE RECOVERY IS NORM
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CONTUSION
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A BRUISE OF BRAIN, MORE SERIOUS WITH SWELLING POTENTIAL. AMNESIA PRESENT. MAY BE SIMPLE OR LARGE CLOT
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INTRACRANIAL BLEEDING
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BETWEEN DURA AND ARACHNOID OR SKULL AND DURA.
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WHAT PROGNOSIS HAS INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE
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POOR PROGNOSIS
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WHAT IS A SUBDURAL HEMATOMA
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A COLLECTION OF BLOOD BETWEEN THE DURA AND ARACHNOID COMPRESSING THE BRAIN
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WHAT IS A EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
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HEMMORHAGE OF MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY ON THE UNDERSURFACE OF TEMORAL BONE. BLOOD COLLECTS COMPRESSING BRAIN. ACCOMPANIES LINEAR SKULL FRACTURE OF TEMPORAL BONE. WIDENED PUPIL PRESENT FROM CLOT
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PARKINSONS DISEASE
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NEUROTRANSMITTER DOPAMINE DEFICIENT IN BASAL GANGLIA RESULT OF EXPTRAPYRAMIDAL MOTOR LOSS.
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PARKINSONS DISEAE TREATMENT
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AMANTIDINE-MILD ANTICHOLINERGIC DOPAMINERGIC AND ANTIVIRAL EFFECTS
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WHICH HEMATOMA IS THE WORST
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EPIDURAL HEMATOMA
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HEADACHE TYPES
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TENSION
MIGRAINE CLUSTER |
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CAUSES OF HEADACHE
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MANY CAUSES: PRESSURE ON SENSORY NERVES OF VESSELS, MENINGES OR MUSCLE TENDON BONE UNIT
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TENSION HEADACHE
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MOST COMMON; BELIEVED TO BE CAUSED BY MUSCLE TENDON STRAIN AT ORIGIN OF TRAPEZIUS AND DEEP NECK MUSCLES AT OCCIPITAL BONE.
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MIGRAINE ADN CLUSTER
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PAIN CAUSED BY DILATION OF THE CRANIAL VESSELS. KNIFELIKE, THROBBING. VISUAL PRODROME CAUSED BY VASOCONSTRICTION PRECEDING THE VASODILATION AND PAIN.
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HEADACHE TREATMENT
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ANALGESIC; MAY BE REFRACTORY TO TREATMENT ONCE STARTED. PREVENTION IS POSSIBLE FROM VASOCONSTRICTOR.
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WHAT IS DELERIUM
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QUICK, TRANSIENT, REVERSIBLE DISORDER, SOMETIMES ACCOMPANIED BY VISUAL HALLUCTINATIONS AND INABILITY TO FOCUS ATTENTION.
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CAUSES OF DELERIUM
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MAJOR ILLNESSES INFECTION, INCREASED OR DECREASED BLOOD SUGAR, SIDE EFFECTS OF MEDICINES, AND DRUGS OF ABUSE. INSOMNIA IS COMMON
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DEMENTIA
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IS CHARACTERIZED BY A SLOW IMPAIRMENT OF COGNITIVE FUNCTION (IE ALZHEIMERS.
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ALZHEIMERS DISEASE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF ____ AND WHAT AGE?
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MOST COMMON CAUSE OF DEMENTIA. THOUGHT IT BEGAN AT 65, BUT NOW IT IS KNOWN THAT IT MAY OCCUR AT ANY AGE.
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ALZHEIMERS DISEASE SX
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GRADUAL DEVELOP FORGETFULLNESS. IMPAIRED RECENT MEMORY, LANGUAGE DIFFICULTIES, PERSONALITY CHANGES ADN IMPAIRED PROBLEM SOLVING.
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ALZHEIMERS PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES
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DECREASE IN CHOLINERGIC NEURON ACTIVITY. AMYLOID PLAQUE FORMATION IN TEH CEREBRAL CORTEX WITH NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES ADN MICROGLIAL PROLIFERATION. FOUND THAT GENES ON 1 OR MORE CHROMOSOMES ARE INVOLVED
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ALZHEIMERS TREATMENT
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CHOLINSTERASE INHIBITOR(IE DONEPEZIL (ARICEPT).
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SHIZOPHRENIA SIGHNS CAUSE
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CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE DOPAMINE ACTIVITY, DELUSIONS, HALLUCTINATIONS, LOOSE ASSOCIATIONS
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SCHIZOPHRENIA TX
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ANTIPSYCHOTIC (NEUROLEPTIC) AGENT THORAZINE, HALDOL, ZYPREXA, SEROQUEL, PROLOXIN, MELLARIL, REISPERDAL, STELAZINE, NAVANE DECREASES DOPAMINE IN SCHIZO
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CAUSE AND SIGNS OF DEPRESSION
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GENETIC COMPONENT, DECREASED SEROTONIN, SYMPTOMS= FEELINGS OF GUILT/HOPELESSNESS DECREASED APPETITE SLEEP DISTURBANCES INABILITY TO CONCENTRATE THOUGHTS OF DEATH/SUICIDE.
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DEPRESSION DRUG TX
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NEW ANTIDEPRESSANT MEDS, WHICH INCREASE SEROTONIN BY BLOCKING RE-UPTAKE ARE EITHER A SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR(SSRI) (PROZAC, CELEXA, PAXIL, ZOLOFT) OR A HETEROCYCLIC MED IE DESYREL, EFFEXOR
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DRUGS INCREASING DOPAMINE
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AMPHETAMINES, COCAINE, ECSTASY, NICOTINE, OPIATES, CANNABINOIDS, ETOH, HALLUCINOGENS
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