Anatomy And Physiology Test 2 (Ch 3&4)

Front 1

Intracellular

Back 1

Inside cell

Front 2

Extracellular

Back 2

Outside cell

Front 3

Passive means of transport

Back 3

No energy required, needs concentration gradiant, simple diffusion

Front 4

Osmosis

Back 4

Diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane. (High to low) no energy required

Front 5

Active means of transport

Back 5

Requires energy, uses carrier proteins to move material across concentration gradiant. (Low to high)

Front 6

Vesicle transport

Back 6

Phagocitic (in) secretory (out) needs energy to form and move vesicle

Front 7

Endocytosis

Back 7

Inport materials from outside cell

Front 8

Phagocytosis

Back 8

"Cell eating" cell takes in large particles

Front 9

Vacuole

Back 9

Large vesicle, srotage

Front 10

Pinocytosis

Back 10

Small particles of fluid that contain solute.

Front 11

Receptor

Back 11

Mediated endocytosis, specific receptors binding into coded vesicle

Front 12

Exocytosis

Back 12

Exporting out of cell, secretory vesicles move material cells have made.

Front 13

Tonicity

Back 13

Solutions with various types of solutes and how they affect cells *varying concentrations of solutes*

Front 14

Isotonic

Back 14

SAME solute concentration as cell (no change in cell appearance )

Front 15

Hypertonic

Back 15

HIGHER solute concentration than cell ( cell dehydrates, "crenation" )

Front 16

Hypotonic

Back 16

LOWER solute concentration than the cell (cell takes on too much water and ruptures... "hemolysis"

Front 17

Autophasia

Back 17

Digesting cellular contents "self eating "

Front 18

Apoptosis

Back 18

Programmed cell death

Front 19

Catalase

Back 19

Enzyme peroxosomes produce to reverse hydrogen peroxide.

Front 20

Mitochondria

Back 20

Atp by aerobic cellular respiration, breaks down glucose molecules to produce atp. Atp produced on cristae. Has it's own dna

Front 21

Cytoskeleton

Back 21

1.)Microfilaments ( made of actin filimants) 2.) Microtubules (largest if the 3, cylenders of protiens, fast assemble and disassemble 3.) Intermediate filament (produce structural stability made of keratin)

Front 22

Cilia

Back 22

Have microtubules in them, involved in movement, extension of cell membrane

Front 23

Flagella

Back 23

Movement, has microtubules, found in sperm, motor molecule is dining

Front 24

Organization of dna

Back 24

Nucleotides are base of dna & rna, adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine (in rna uracil) held together by hydrogen bonds. (**Adenine always goes with thymine**) (**cytosine always with guanine**) in RNA adenine goes with uracil!

Front 25

Nucleosomes

Back 25

Form of dna wraps around histones

Front 26

Histones

Back 26

Dna molecules (packaging protein, 8 of them)

Front 27

Chromosomes

Back 27

Condensed chromatin

Front 28

Chromatin

Back 28

Condensed dna wrapped around histones

Front 29

Genome

Back 29

Entire complimeof dna

Front 30

Dna replication

Back 30

Occurs during S phase, requires helicase and dna polymerase (helicase unwindes helix) ( dna polymerase start reassembling the strands as two new identical copies)

Front 31

Semiconservative

Back 31

Conserving 1 strand from original dna strand to make 2 identical copies

Front 32

How many chromosomes does a human have?

Back 32

46, 23 homologous pais, 1 set from each parent

Front 33

Helicase

Back 33

Enzyme that functions to separate the two dna strands of double helix during dna replication

Front 34

Dna polymerase

Back 34

Enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of dna during dna replication

Front 35

Replication

Back 35

Helicase and dna polymerase are used to unwind and copy identical dna strands

Front 36

Translation

Back 36

Process of producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript

Front 37

Transcription

Back 37

Process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of dna

Front 38

Gene expression

Back 38

When gene is made (synthosized) every triplet is a code for a certain protein.

Front 39

Cell cycle

Back 39

Interphase and mitosis G1, S, G2,

Front 40

Interphase

Back 40

Time when cell is doing its normal job but also preparing for division

Front 41

G1

Back 41

Increasing in size, increasing # of organelles

Front 42

S

Back 42

Growing and replicating (synthesizing ) dna

Front 43

G2

Back 43

Making final preparation for division- synthesizing materials (protiens, enzymes, microtubules, actin)

Front 44

Check point

Back 44

After each phase there are check points to ensure cell is progressing properly. Controlled by CDK ( cyclin-dependent kinase) cyclin- one group of protiens that function in the progression of cell cycle. Kinase- one group of enzymes associated with cyclins that help them perform their functions

Front 45

Mitosis

Back 45

Cell division for growth and repair

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telephase

Followed by cytokinesis

Front 46

Metaphase

Back 46

Chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate, each sister chromatid is attached to spindle fiber originating from opposite poles

Front 47

Anaphase

Back 47

Centromeres split in two, sister chromatids ( now daughter chromatin) are seperated and pulled toward opposite poles, spindle fibers begin to elongate cell

Front 48

Cytokinesis

Back 48

Cleavage furrow seperates the daughter cells. Microfilamints are what makes the pintchig occur

Front 49

Differentation

Back 49

Cells become highly specialized but were produced from generic cells. Change in shape, function ( specialized from unspecialized)

Front 50

Totipotent cells

Back 50

First embryotic cells, eventually can become any type of cell by differentiation.

Front 51

Pluripotent embryonic stem cells

Back 51

Endoderm line, mesoderm line, ectoderm line

Front 52

Plurapotent germ layers

Back 52

Ectoderm (outside of body, skin & nervous) endoderm ( inside body, digestive tract & glands) mesoderm ( development of eternal organs , muscles, blood, bone, major organs )