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196 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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rRna
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Ribosomal RNA. This is a ribosome factory. It creates ribosomes that don't stay in the nucleus...they leave.
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Gogi Complex
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spherical vesicles that are used as a "container to hold chemicals". Golgi collects things made in the cell and sorts them out. Some stay in cell for cell use...others go. Pack & ship.
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Hydrolytic enzymes
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a special kind of vesicle called a lysosome (lys=break down) that breaks down whatever it comes into contact with.
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Leukocytes
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These are aka: white blood cells. They are a fighting mircoorganism that is involved in phagocytosis, immunity and allergic reactions.
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Autolysis
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to dissolve oneself away. When a lysosomal enzyme destroys the entire cell that contains them. This is responsibile for tissue deterioration.
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Peroxisomes
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aka: microbodies. contain several oxidases, enzymes that can oxidize (remove Hydrogen atoms from) various organic substances. Very abundant in liver. Alcohol overuses our liver. When it detoxes, it kills our liver cells.
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Mitochondria
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The little "mighty mites" of the cell. This is the powerhouse. The energy source of the cell. using ATP. cells may have a large or small number of these. They are usually located where the oxygen enters the cell or where the ATP is used. Ex: among contractile proteins in muscle cells.
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They are over ____ metabolic reactions that occur in the liver?
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450-500
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Microfilaments
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thinnest element of the cytoskeleton. composed of the protein actin. most prevalent at edge of the cell.
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What are the 2 functions of the microfilament?
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1. generate movement. involved in muscle contraction, cell division and cell locomotion.
2. provide mechanical support. provide shape and strength of cells. anchor cytoskeleton to integral proteins in the plasma membrane. |
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microtubules
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long hollow tubes composed mainly of "tubulin". Grows out from centrosome. help determine cell shape.
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centrioles
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part of the centrosome. these are cylindrical structures in a circle.
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tubulin protein
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plays a critical role in cell division by the growth of the mitotic spindle.
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Cilia
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numerous, short hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell. They move! This is how your respiratory system cleans itself.
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Flagella
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very long tube. much longer than cilia. usually move entire cell. generates movement by wiggling in a wavelike motion.
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Rough ER
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synthesizes glycoproteins and phosolipids.
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Smooth ER
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synthesizes fatty acids and steroids. (estrogen testosterone)
ex: triggers contractions in muscle cells. |
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cytosol
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fluid portion of a cell. 70% of a cell is water. millions of chemicals dissolved here. doesn't act like water. acts like a gel.
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Membrane transport made up of 2 ways:
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Active and passive transport.
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Active transport
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requires ATP energy. continues after passive transport. moves across concentration gradient.
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Passive transport
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natural process. requires no ATP. moves with concentration gradient.
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Membranes are selectively permeable. true or false?
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True.
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3 methods of passive transport:
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simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion osmosis. |
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Simple diffusion
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passes directly across membrane. lipid soluble without the help of transport proteins.
ex: O2 in CO2 out. |
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facilitated diffusion
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passive movement of a substance down it's concentration gradient through the lipid bilayer by transmembrane proteins that funcion as channels.
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cell membrane
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outside membrane of cell. plasma membrane.
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Phospholipid molecule
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Water soluble. 2 layers of phospholipids. lipid is the middle part it is an insoluble barrier. head part is water soluble. lipid containing phosphorus.
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bilayer of phospholipids
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bilayer arrangement that occurs because molecules are amphipathic.
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ampipathic
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have both polar and non polar parts.
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What glues phospholipids together?
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cholesterol
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glycolipids
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chains of glucose molecules that make shapes.
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glycoproteins- 2 functions
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cell markers. as in cell markers for transplants...have to have 4-5 that are close.
cell receptors. let things in that fit. they are the "molecule reception key" if the shape fits, it will "open the door". |
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glycolosis occurs where?
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cytosol
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an energy product of glycolosis is?
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2 pyruvic acid (2 atp) ADP+P=ATP
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Substrate level phosphorylation
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anaerobic (no oxygen) 10 steps
each step has 10 metabolic reactions and 10 enzymes. |
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Where does the Kreb's cycle occur?
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in the mitochondria.
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How many steps in the Kreb's cycle?
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8
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What happens in the Kreb's cycle?
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co2 released H+ removed from P.A. nets 2 atps
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what is the role of NAD and FAD in the Kreb's cycle? (niacin and riboflavin)
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they are vitamins or coenzymes that soak up loose hydrogensand keep cells safe from low Ph.
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another name for glycolosis is?
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substrate level phosphorylation.
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how many types of cells?
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200+
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all cell start as stem cells. what are stem cells?
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truely generic cells...everything that cells could be.
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define organelles?
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subfunctional units that have a specific task within the cell.
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nucleus pg686.
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contains nuclear DNA and structures to make 3 types of RNA.
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RNA is conducted in the ____?
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nucleolus. (inside the nucleus)
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What form was DNA in during inerphase?
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Chromatin
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Name the phase that chromosomes appear replicated, the membrane disappears and there are 46 diads.
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Prophase
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in this phase, all the chromosomes line up in a row, 46 diads that are attached to a spindle apparatus.
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Metaphase
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this phase involves the splitting of diads into monads.
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Anaphase
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this phase involves a cleavage furrow and ends with two cells starting back at interphase
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Telephase
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Abnormal cell division
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too many cells produced. excess mitosis
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excess mitosis leads to tumor growth, we call these tumors?
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neoplasms
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a cellular change when it loses it's ability to function, may shrink in size but is not dead.
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atrophy
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extended atrophy, possibly from loss of blood, nerve supply or just non-use, leads to?
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necrosis
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cells grow larger than normal?
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hypertrophy
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give an example of when hypertrophy is good and when it is bad?
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good...biceps grows larger..strenghtens muscle.
bad....heart grows larger....weakens heart. |
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overproduction of cells
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hyperplasia
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overproduction in epidermal cells is called? what is used to treat this? this is the bad example if hyperplasia
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psoriasis
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good example of hyperplasia?
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hyperplasia in endometrial layer every month. preparing the body for child birth.
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change in cell form? example of this?
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metaplasia
cells that form resp system. when there is chronic irritation the cells change form and turn into stratified squamos. squamos mitosis daily thus more chance for cancers. |
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changes in a cells shape or size, these changes can come and go, nucleus is drastically altered?
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dysplasia
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Type of tumor that is encapsulated, with a definable border. Can usually be surgically removed but are dangerous bc they grow.
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Benign
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Type of tumor that is not encapsulated, grows into surrounding tissues, metastic and can produce abnormal proteins.
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Malignant
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Type that moves from primary site to a/many secondary sites. These don't produce normal proteins.
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Metastic
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Tumors or cancers usually end in what?
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oma
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a fat tumor that is usually benign?
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lipoma
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deadly brain tumors
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glioma
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Name cells that rarely get tumors?
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muscle, skeletal, cardiac, smooth and motor conduction cells.
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these cells have no nucleus so they can't get cancer?
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motor conduction cells.
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What are the main causes of cancer?
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Carcinogens, viruses, genetics, extreme stress and radiation.
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What is a carcinogen?
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things you eat, drink, or come into contact with that can cause cancer.
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What are some viruses that can cause cancer?
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HPV, Hepatitis BCD&G
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Give an example of a cancer that is caused by genetics?
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mammary cancer.
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what are the genes called that pass cancer on to future generations?
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oncogenes
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How can extreme stress cause cancer?
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lowers the immune system. white blood cells don't repair when you are stressed.
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What is it called when the treatment used will take out the good tissue with the bad?
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Slash and burn
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Name the traditional treatments for cancer?
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Surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.
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What is is called when natural killer cells are removed from the body, replicated and put back in?
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Immune therapy.
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What does TMF stand for?
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Tumor Necrosis Factor
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What is the drawback of immune therapy?
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takes months to replicate new cells.
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What is termed as a targeting treatment for cancer?
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Antibody therapy
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What is the most successful antibody therapy?
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Hodkins Lymphoma....several lymphomas can be treated with a pill that attacks only abnormal T cells.
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What is the drawback of antibody therapy?
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Not affordable to the masses.
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What cancer treatment uses chemicals that attack mitosis during some phase.
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mitosis blockers
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Give an example of a mitosis blocker and what kind of tumor it might be used on.
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Tubulin inhibitor (dissolves tumors) used on liver cancers that are not curable but treatable.
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Tumors do not generally have beg blood supplies but cancers do. Why?
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Cancers put out a chemical that grows new blood vessels.
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This inhibits blood vessel growth in cancer?
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antiangogenic factor
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What refers to a broader scope of antiangogenic factors?
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vascular inhibitors.
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What makes a special chemical, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that are very concentrated in the liver?
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peroxisomes
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Why are peroxisomes made?
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to detoxify harmful substances that pass through the liver.
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How many metabolic reactions occur in the liver?
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150-500
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What is the energy of the body;able to produce ATP?
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Mitochondria
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What has it's own DNA for replication?
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Mitochondria. mitochondrial DNA
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What is able to do mitosis in energy demand?
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mitochondria
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Where do we get mitochondrial DNA?
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from our mothers only. mitochondrial DNA is maternal DNA.
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What comes into play during mitosis?
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centrioles
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What makes up the rigid, slightly flexible part of the cell?
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microfilaments
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What do centrioles make?
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mitotic spindle apparatus
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What is the framework that holds the cell together?
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Microfilaments
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What does the mitotic spindle apparatus do?
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keeps the chromosomes in line during metaphase.
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What is the protein that makes centioles?
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tubulin
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Centioles are bundle of?
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Tubes
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What can become flagellum or cilia?
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microtubules
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What beats rythmically to move things?
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cilia
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What let's things in and out of the cell that are all made of the same protein?
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microtubule system
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What is the liquid portion of the cell?
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cytosol
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What is most abundant in the cell?
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cytosol
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How much of cytosol is water?
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70-90%. the cytosol is transparent.
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Where is a place in the cell that millions of chemicals are dissolved?
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cytosol
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Cytosol varies from cell to cell...some have a little while others have alot. true or false?
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True
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what part of the cell is a flexible phosolipid bilayer?
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Cell membrane aka plasma membrane
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what "glues" the cells together?
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cholesterol
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What are chains of glucose molecules that make shapes and are hooked to the lipids?
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glycolipids
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What are chains of glucose molecules that make shapes and are hooked to the proteins?
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glycoproteins
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Another name for glycolipids and glycoproteins?
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cell markers (receptors)
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Name the 2 forms of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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loose coiled and tight coiled
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what is the loose form of chromosomes in the nucleus called?
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chromatin
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What are the tight coiled form of chromosomes called?
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chromosomes.
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During which phase does the loose coiled form of chromosomes happen?
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interphase
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During which phase does the tight form of chromosomes happen?
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mitosis
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The cell has all the DNA code that it needs. It turns off the section that is not needed and only uses the small section that it does need to make the cells ____?
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specialized
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rRna is made where?
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nucleus
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What leaves the nucleus and attaches to the rough ER?
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Ribosomal rRNA
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Ribosomal rRNA is used for?
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protein synthesis.
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Ross says "rRNA is the ______ and ER is the _____"
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Factory/Land
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What has no ribosomes and is the site for lipid synthesis?
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Smooth Endopasmic Reticulum
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Golgi Complex contains?
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vesicles. they are the "packages".
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What in the cell gathers thing made in the cell and sorts them into like collections then ships them throughout the body?
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Golgi complex
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What is the FedEx of the cell?
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golgi complex
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Lysosomes break down things they come into contact with by using?
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hydrolytic enzymes
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What is enzyme uses "water breakdown"?
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hydrolytic enzymes
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Remodeling of the cell to send something out of the cell?
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Exocytosis
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Where do we get amino acids?
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from food
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Who are the "players" in protein synthesis?
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DNA, mRNA, rRNA and tRNA
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Where is the code for protein in DNA?
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in it's base pairs. (GCAT)
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What is the process by which all cells make ATP energy to work and stay alive?
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cellular respiration
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What is the formula for cellular respiration?
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C6H12O6(Glucose)= 6CO2+6H2O+38ATP(energy)
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Name the steps of cellular respiration.
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1. Glycolosis- produces 2 ATP
2. Kreb's Cycle- prods 2 ATP 3. ETC- produces 34 ATP |
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How many ATP are produced during cellular respiration?
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38
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What describes a cell that is shriveled, crenation?
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hypertonic
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What two chemicals dominate cells?
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H2O/water and NaCl/salt
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The body must stay what?
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isotonic
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What three things are involved in the body staying isotonic?
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salt, glucose and urea.
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What pumps sodium out of the celland potassium into it?
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sodium potassium pump
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What kinds of proteins are used as pumps?
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Integral proteins
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What is an ion pump?
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solute pump
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What are "pumps" involved in?
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active transport
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What is defined as "can move in or out of the cell with the help of ATP?"
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active transport
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What pumps one thing into the cell AND one thing out of the cell?
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antiporters
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What only pumps thing into the cell OR out of the cell?
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symporters
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Phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor mediated are all types of what?
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endocytosis
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what fights infection, cleans up tissue and cancer tumors?
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white cells
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cell drinking large quantities of liquids?
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pinocytosis
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cell eating large solid objects?
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phagocytosis
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What describes molecules that have to be let into a cell through a receptor?
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receptor mediated endocytosis
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During step 1 of cellular respiration, the glucose is split into 2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATPs are produced. This occurs in the cytosol of the cell and no oxgen is used. What is this stage called?
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Glycolosis
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During glycolosis, the glucose is split into 2 pyruvic acids. What is this processes metabolic name?
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Substrate level phosphorylation
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When a process requires no oxygen, it is considered?
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anaerobic
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how many metabolic reactions and enzymes are there in glycolosis?
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10/10
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Step 2 of cellular respiration occurs where?
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mitochondria
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What is step 2 of cellular respiration called?
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Kreb's cycle
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During the Kreb's cycle, step 2 of cellular respiration, CO2 is released and H+ is loose. This is dangerous. What happens to the loose H+?
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NAD and FAD soak up the loose H+
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What does NAD and FAD stand for?
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niacin and riboflavin
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What do NAD and FAD keep the cell safe from?
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pH changes
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Stage 2 requires oxygen. True or False?
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False. Stage 2 is anaerobic requiring no oxygen.
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Step 3 of the cellular respiration process is called?
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Electron Transport Chain
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What stage of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria, requires oxygen and NADH AND FADH2 drop off Hydrogens. There are 34 ATP produced.
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step 3, electron transport chain
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During step 3 the oxygen comes from breathing not the glucose. True or False
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True
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What is the name of the metabolic reaction that occurs in step 3?
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oxidative phosphorylation
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producing new glucose?
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Glucogenesis
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What process is produced in the liver, made from fats and proteins and needs water?
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Glucogenesis
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During which phase does a cell live, grow, work and make products?
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interphase
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what is another name for cell reproduction?
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mitosis
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what is described as "producing an identical copy of the original cell"?
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somatic cell division
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Each human cell has how many chromosomes?
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46/ 23 from mom and 23 from dad.
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The correct order of the phases of cell life are?
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IPMAT Iterphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telephase.
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Remember that enzymes end in __?
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ase. if not ase then they are catalyst.
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Synthesis of glycogen
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glucogenisis
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What is the most important stage of a cell's life?
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interphase
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what is "moving cytoplasma"
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cytokinesis
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What are the 2 things to remember about P53 protein?
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it inhibits mitosis until is is time and it "walks" the DNA of every chromosome and checks for proper pairing. it will fic minor damage....broken steps or fill in base prs.
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What will P53 not fix?
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abnormal mitosis and apotosis
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hypo means?
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less than
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a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol inside the RBC (red blood cell) is called?
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hypotonic
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a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than cytosol inside the RBC is called?
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hypertonic
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When you have a hypotonic solution and water molecules enter faster than they leave, this causes the cell to swell and burst. This is called?
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hemolysis
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In a hypertonic solution, water molecules move out faster than they enter,causing cells to shrink. This is called?
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crenation
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During this, which occurs in the nucleus, the genetic info represented by the base triplets in DNA, serves as a template for copying the genetic information into a complementary sequence of codons. (the genetic info from DNA is copied to RNA)
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transcription
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What are the three types of RNA made from the DNA template in transcription?
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mRNA messenger RNA
rRNA ribosomal RNA tRNA transfer RNA |
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What carries out translation in the cytoplasm?
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ribosomes
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During this, an mRNA molecule binds to a rebosome. Then, the mRNA nucleotide sequence specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein.
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Translation
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what are truly generic cells called?
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stem cells.
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having the same concentration of soutes as cytosol?
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isotonic
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fluid mosaic model
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molecular arrangement is plasma membrane resembles an ever moving sea of fluid lipids.
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Name and describe 3 parts of a cell.
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plasma membrane, cell's flexible outer layer separating inner environment from outer.
cytoplasm, consists of all cellular components between plasma membrane and nucleus. Nucleus, large organelle that houses most of a cell's DNA. |
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the complex of DNA, proteins and some RNA on a chromosome is called?
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chromatin
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