Anatomy And Physiology: Skeleton

Front 1

What 8 tissues is bone made up of?

Back 1

1-Bone
2-Cartilage
3-Adipose
4-Dense
5-Connective
6-Nervous
7-Epithelium
8-Blood

Front 2

What four structures is bone tissue made up of?

Back 2

1-Osteocytes
2-Osteoclasts
3-Interstitial Lamenellae
4-Osteoblasts

Front 3

What are the two minerals needed by bones?

Back 3

1-Calcium phosphate
2-calcium carbonate

Front 4

What is the job of osteocytes?

Back 4

To get nutrients for the bone tissue

Front 5

What is the job of the osteoblast?

Back 5

To build up the bone tissue

Front 6

What is the job of an osteoclast?

Back 6

To break down the bone tissue

Front 7

Give 5 Functions of bones?

Back 7

1-Supporting/protecting
2-Attachment site for muscle
3-Storage of minerals
4-Blood cell production occors in red bone marrow
5-Energy storage in yellow bone marrow

Front 8

Define Hemopoiesis

Back 8

Production of blood

Front 9

What is the diaphysis?

Back 9

the shaft of the bone

Front 10

Define epiphysis

Back 10

either end of long bone

Front 11

Define metaphysis

Back 11

areas between the epiphysis and diaphysis and include epiphysial plate in growing bone

Front 12

Which comes first, the epiphyseal line or the epiphyseal plate?

Back 12

The epiphyseal line

Front 13

Define articulated cartilage and say what its finction is

Back 13

cartilage at the end of the bone and it functions as a friction reducer and shock absorber.

Front 14

Where is yellow bone marrow located?

Back 14

In the medullary cavity.

Front 15

Where is red bone marrow located?

Back 15

In spongy bone.

Front 16

What is yellow bone marrow used for?

Back 16

To store energy

Front 17

What is red bone marrow used for?

Back 17

To provide spongy bone with blood.

Front 18

Define Periosteum

Back 18

The double-layerd membrane on the outside bone

Front 19

Define Endosteum

Back 19

The double-layered membrane on the inside of bone

Front 20

What is the inside layer of the perisoteum or endosteum called?

Back 20

osteogenic layer

Front 21

What is the outside layer of the perisoteum or endosteum called?

Back 21

Fribrous layer

Front 22

describe the order in which osteocytes are developed

Back 22

1-mesenchyme cells
2-osteogenic cells proliferate
3-osteoblasts
4-osteocytes

Front 23

What is the bone matrix made up of?

Back 23

25% water, 25% collagen fibers, 50% mineral salts

Front 24

Define Osteon

Back 24

The functional unit of compact bones

Front 25

Define Trabeculae

Back 25

The functional unit of spongy bone

Front 26

What is another name for calcium phosphate?

Back 26

Hydroxyapatite

Front 27

Define calcification

Back 27

The process of mineral salts being deposited in the framework of the collagen fibers

Front 28

What makes bone hard?

Back 28

Mineral salts

Front 29

What strengthens bone?

Back 29

Collagen fibers

Front 30

Define osteoprogenitor cells

Back 30

undifferentiated cells that can divide to replace themselves and can become osteoblasts.

Front 31

What happens if your calcium homeostasis is too low?

Back 31

a heart attack

Front 32

What happens if your calcium homeostsis is too high?

Back 32

Respiratory attack

Front 33

What are the inorganic compounds in bone?

Back 33

mineral salts: calcium carbonate and hydoxyapatite

Front 34

What are the organic compounds in bone?

Back 34

Collagen fibers

Front 35

What provides bone with its flexibility?

Back 35

organic collagen fibers

Front 36

What does acid do to bones?

Back 36

It destroys the collagen fibers

Front 37

What is the "old" name for osteon?

Back 37

Haversian systems

Front 38

What does an osteon conatin?

Back 38

blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, osteocytes, calcified matrix

Front 39

Define interstitial lamellae

Back 39

older osteons that have been partially removed during tissue remodeling

Front 40

What does the central canal conatin?

Back 40

Vessels and nerves

Front 41

Define the function of canaliculi

Back 41

it allows communication between osteocytes through fluid

Front 42

What is another name for spongy bone?

Back 42

cancellous

Front 43

Define Trabeculae

Back 43

lattice work of thin plates of bone-oriented along lines of stress in spongy bone

Front 44

Where is sspongy bone found?

Back 44

in ends of long bones and inside flat bones

Front 45

What does spongy bone have instead of blood vessels?

Back 45

Red bone marrow

Front 46

Define periosteal arteries

Back 46

arteries in the periosteum

Front 47

What does the nutrients foramen contain?

Back 47

nutrient vein and nutrient artery

Front 48

Define osteogenesis (or ossification)

Back 48

cartilage being transformed into bone

Front 49

What are the 2 types of ossification?

Back 49

1-Intramembranous
2-Endochondrial

Front 50

Define Intramembranous Ossification

Back 50

Formation directly from or within fibrous connective tissue membranes

Front 51

Define Endochondrial Ossification

Back 51

Formationf from hyaline cartilage models

Front 52

Which way are bones usually made (endochondrial or intramembranous?)

Back 52

endochondrial

Front 53

Which bones are not made by endochondrial ossification?

Back 53

flat bones of the skull and the mandible bone

Front 54

What are the steps in intramembranous ossification?

Back 54

1-development of ossification center by mesenchymal cells
2-calcifying matrix
3-formation of trabeculae
4-development of periosteum by mesenchymal cells condensed in periphery

Front 55

What are the steps in endochondrial ossification?

Back 55

1-development of cartilage model
2-Growth of cartilage model
3-development of primary ossification center where blood vessels are innovated
4-Development of medullary cavity
5-development of secondary ossification center
6-development of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

Front 56

What are the two types of growth that can happen in endochonrial ossification?

Back 56

1-appositional growth
2-interstitial growth

Front 57

What are the 2 main differences between the primary ossification center and the secondary ossification center?

Back 57

1-Primary has medullary cavity while secondary does not
2-primary doesn't have cartilage but secondary does have some

Front 58

Which comes first: The epiphyseal line or plate?

Back 58

the epishyseal plate

Front 59

What is another name for perforating canal?

Back 59

Volkmann's canal

Front 60

What direction does the perforating canal run?

Back 60

horizontally

Front 61

What direction does the central canal run?

Back 61

Vertically

Front 62

What is another name for the central canal?

Back 62

Haversian canal

Front 63

What are the 2 factors that affect bone growth?

Back 63

1-Nutrition
2-Hormonal abnormalities

Front 64

What vitamin does your appendix produce?

Back 64

vitamin K

Front 65

What happens if oversecretion of hGH happens in childhood?

Back 65

giantism

Front 66

What happens if undersecretion of hGH happens in childhood?

Back 66

short stature

Front 67

What happens if you lack estrogen receptors, male OR female?

Back 67

you will grow taller than normal

Front 68

Which hormone is responsible for closure of the growth plate?

Back 68

estrogen