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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the bone classifications by shape and give and example? |
Long bone: femur short bone: wrist bones flat bones: parietal bone irregular bones: vertebrae |
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What are 2 functions of the bones? |
Provide shape to body Protect body structures House blood-producing cells Store inorganic salts |
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Difference between spongy bone and contact bone. |
Contact bones are weight-bearing, strong, consists of osteons. Spongy bone have plates called trabeculae and are somewhat flexible. |
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List and describe the 4 types of cells in bone tissue. |
Osteogenic cells: unspecialized stem cells Osteoblasts: bone-building cells Osteocytes: bone cells/maintain bone Osteoclasts: destroy bone matrix |
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Intramembranous bones |
originate with sheetlike layers of connective tissues; broad, flat bones |
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Endochondral bones |
begin as masses of hyaline cartilage; most bones of skeleton primary ossification: bone develops to the ends of structure and second ossification: spongy bone appears and epiphyseal plates develop |
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What is bone resorption and bone deposition? |
Bone absorption: removal of bone; osteoclasts Bone deposition: formation of bone; osteoblasts |
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What are 4 factors that affect bone development, growth, and repair? |
vitamin D: deficiency can cause rickets physical stress: stimulates bone growth sex hormones: promote bone formation vitamin c: collagen synthesis |
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What are simple (closed) fractures and compound (open) fractures? |
Simple fractures: fracture protected by uninjured skin Compound fracture: fracture in which the bone is exposed to the outside through opening in skin |
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What are two types of fractures? |
Greenstick fracture: incomplete fracture on surface of the bend in the bone Spiral fracture: caused by excessive twisting |
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What are the steps in fracture repair? |
1. Blood escapes from vessels and forms a hematoma 2. spongy bone fibrocartilage form 3. bony callus replaces fibrocartilage 4. Osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue and restores new bone |
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What are the two cell types of neural tissue? |
Neurons (nerve cell) and neuroglia |
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What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system and what do they consist of? |
1. Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord 2. peripheral nervous system: cranial and spinal nerves |
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What are features all neurons share? |
1. cell body 2. dendrites: receive impulse 3. axon: travel down axon to synaptic knob |
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What are the three classifications of neurons by structure? |
1. multipolar neuron 2. bipolar neuron 3. unipolar neuron |
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What are the classification of neurons by function? |
1. sensory neurons 2. interneurons 3. motor neurons |
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What are the three types of muscle tissue of muscular system? |
1. Skeletal muscle: voluntary/attached to bone 2. cardiac muscle: involuntary/wall of heart 3. smooth muscle: involuntary/walls of internal organs |
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What are the muscle coverings? |
1. epimysium: surrounds whole muscle 2. perimysium: surrounds fascicles within a muscle 3. endomysium: surrounds muscle fibers within a fascicle |
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What is the skeletal muscle structure hierarchy? |
1. muscle 2. fascicles 3. muscle fibers 4. myofibrils 5. thick and thin filaments |
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What are the structures of the sarcomere? |
1. I band 2. A band 3. H zone 4. Z line 5. M line |
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List and describe 2 muscle system disorders. |
1. muscular dystophy: lack of a protein called dystrphin and causes muscle to weaken and degenerate. 2. Myasthenia gravis: autoimmune disorder when antibodies attach acetylcholine receptors of skeletal muscle fibers. |
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What is the sliding filament theory? |
The impulse moves down the motor neuron to the synaptic cleft. Then acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, is synthesized and this is what stimulate the contraction. Calcium ions are releases from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and bind to troponin. When this happens, tropomyosin pulls aside to expose binding sites for the myosin heads, which have ADP+P on them. During the power stroke, P is released from ADP, and myosin head detaches and extends back. |
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What are 5 parts of the long bone? |
1. Epiphyseal plates 2. diaphysis 3. spongy bone 4. periosteum 5. yellow marrow |
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What is hematopoesis? |
It is blood cell formation. |
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What things are produced in red bone marrow? |
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and plateletes |
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What are 2 skeletal diseases? |
1. osteoporosis: loss of bone mineralization |
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What is the most abundant salt crystal? |
calcium phosphate |
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What is a neurotransmitter? |
chemical that an axon secretes and stimulates or inhibits and effector or other neuron |
