Anatomy And Physiology- Rvw For Exam 3

Front 1

Mitral valve is also known as ______

Back 1

bicuspid valve

Front 2

the 3 layers of the wall of the heart are (in to out)...

Back 2

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

Front 3

Which characteristic of the cornea allows for light to pass through easily?

Back 3

lack of vasculature
smooth optical surface
laminar arrangement of collagen

Front 4

which part of the eye controls the amt of light that gets into the eye by regulating pupil size?

Back 4

iris

Front 5

Masses of color in the iris, also known as corpora nigra, is commonly found in this animal....

Back 5

horse

Front 6

Which gland is responsible for the sleep/wake cycle?

Back 6

pineal gland

Front 7

The P wave on the ECG signifies..

Back 7

atrial depolarization

Front 8

PLasma is made up of sodium. chloride, glucose, proteins, lipids, ions, hormones, gases, and other substances dissolved in:

Back 8

92% water

Front 9

What is incorrect about endocrine glands from the following?
- secretions are controlled by the levels of hormones in the blood (feedback)

-secrete hormones directly into their target organs by means of a duct

-secrete hormones that are designed to specifically affect the target organ

-secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Back 9

-not true= secretes horomones directly into their target organ by means of a duct

Front 10

_____ are structures in the heart that tether the AV valves to the _____ which are muscular projections into the ventricular walls, thereby preventing eversion of the valves.

Back 10

chordae tendonae

papillary muscles

Front 11

____ are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood and ______ are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood in the body

Back 11

pulm arteries

pulm veins

Front 12

the cardiac cycle can be defined as one complete ____ and _____ of the heart (specific words for the 2 aspects, not sound). In lay terms, also known as a heartbeat

Back 12

systole

diastole

Front 13

Capillaries are entirely composed of _____ (cells) and form capillary beds in the organs. arteries branch into smaller _________ (blood vessels) and veins brandch into smaller ___ (blood vessels). veins have ______ diameter of the lumen that that of the arteries.

Back 13

one erythrocyte

arterioles

venules

larger

Front 14

_____ is a phenomena that occurs in the eye that allows light to focuse on close objects. ____ are among the few domestic animals that exhibit this property of the eye.

Back 14

accomodation

cats

Front 15

fibrinogen which the precursor for the polymeric fibrin is also know as coagulation factor ___

Back 15

1

Front 16

Which endocrine route utilizes gap junction for hormones to pass?

Back 16

epicrine routes

Front 17

chronic cold will lead to an increase in ____ levels as this/these hormone control basal metabolic rate (BMR).

Back 17

parathyroid hormone

Front 18

the hypothalamus produces...

Back 18

GnRH , GHRH, TRH, CRH

synthesizes oxytocin

Front 19

where are the receptors for peptide hormones found?

Back 19

cell membrane

Front 20

which hormone is involved with water retention in the animals' body?

Back 20

ADH- antidiuretic hormone

Front 21

Cell and cell like formed elements are suspended in fluid called...

Back 21

plasma

Front 22

the ___ or the refelctive layer of the inner choroid, allows light to be reflected causing eyeshine

Back 22

tapetum

Front 23

these party hat glands have a variety of functions including glucorticoids and minercorticoids but they mostly prepare animals to fight/flight response by secreting ________

Back 23

catecholamines ( epinephrine/norepinephrine)

Front 24

the 3 tunics found in the eye are...

Back 24

fibrous
vascular
nerve

Front 25

___is the breakdown product of hemoglobin and it provides staining to the urine and feces

Back 25

bilirubin

Front 26

The formation of erythrocytes is called_____ and it is regulated by ______ which is a hormone produced by the kidneys

Back 26

erythropoiesis

erythropoiten

Front 27

aqueous humor is removed at the ______angle. If there is a blockage in the absorption of aqueous humor, intra-ocular pressure increases which is known as ______

Back 27

irido-corneal

glaucoma

Front 28

_____ are the WBC's that form the first line of defense

Back 28

neutrophils

Front 29

_____ are the Y shaped protein receptors that are cleaved from the surface of the B cells and are found in circulation

Back 29

antibodies

Front 30

____are cells that give rise to the fragments or the cell-like formed elements tht lack nucleus and are known as platelets

Back 30

magakaryocyte

Front 31

____ is the mvt of the cells in response to a chemical substance. it is exhibited by many leukocytes that move toward a site of injury

Back 31

chemotaxis

Front 32

pituitary gland can be anatomically divided into 2 parts...

Back 32

anterior and posterior pituitary

Front 33

____is the polymer of glucose. the process of syntheses of this polymer is known as ____

Back 33

glycogen

glycogenosis

Front 34

____ is known as the pacemaker of the heart, while ____causes delay in the transmission of action potentials down into the ventricles

Back 34

SA node

AV node

Front 35

____ and ___ are the 2 states of hemoglobin that are pathologic in nature.

Back 35

methemoglobin

carboxyhemoglobin

Front 36

anatomic dead space consists of all anotomical structures found in the respiratory tract, but for ____ (air sacs)

Back 36

alveoli

Front 37

define upregulation of the hormone receptors...

Back 37

when hormones are released and the cells sense increase in hormones, they must increase the number of related receptors to achieve more receptor sites for hormones to bind to

Front 38

receptors for _____ hormones are found in the cytoplasm and nucelus, whereas rceptors for ____hormones are found only in the cell membran

Back 38

steroid

peptide

Front 39

list at least 4 functions of blood

Back 39

transport waste to kidneys
maintain ph
defense mechanism
transport nutrients throughout the body

Front 40

name a hormone NOT secreted by an endocrine gland and mention its function

Back 40

secretin stimulates secretion of intestinal juices in digestive tract

Front 41

T/F positive feedback regulation is more commonly oberved rather than the negative feedback regulation within the endocrine system

Back 41

False

Front 42

why are some important cells found in the blood called "cell-like"?

Back 42

platelets and RBC'd are considered cell-like when no nucleus is present, but otherwise has characteristics of a normal cell

Front 43

name the hormones that regulate blood glucose levels. Explain in one line how they regulate the blood glucose levels.

Back 43

insulin- decrease glucose levels by increasing uptake of glucose by cells

glucagon- increase blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose

Front 44

what is the vomeronasal organ and what is its function?

Back 44

organ located in the hard palate of the nasal cavity that respond/senses pheremones. it plays a key role in reproduction

Front 45

what is the significance of the irido-corneal angle?

Back 45

the angle of the eye where the humors of the eye are formed and drain. If angle changes or gets blocked, pressure is increased in the eye and glaucoma can occur

Front 46

why is hypothalamus called the big boss of the endocrine system?

Back 46

bc it has the releasing hormones that affect the other glands releasing
plays major affect on other organs (LH, FSH, GHRH etc)-stimulates release of hormones in other glands

Front 47

T/F besides producing parathyroid hormone, kidneys promote the formation of calcitrol

Back 47

False

Front 48

T/F hemoglobin, the carrier molecule for oxygen and carbon dioxide, is made up of 2 units which are heme ( a cofactor) and globin ( a protein)

Back 48

True

Front 49

what are the 2 main stem cell lineages of blood cells

Back 49

lymphoid
myoloid

Front 50

the word "thrombus" means...

Back 50

clot

Front 51

name at least 3 substances dissolved in plasma

Back 51

hormones, ions, gases, sugars, urea

Front 52

what are the 2 pathologic state of hemoglobin?

Back 52

carbaminohemaglobin- cannot be reversed

met hemoglobin anemai (check spelling)- can be reversed

Front 53

Why is the sino-atrial node known as the pacemaker?

Back 53

starts/initiates the action potential by automatically depolarizes

Front 54

What are chordae tendinae? Where are they found?

Back 54

cord like structures found between the atrium and ventricles- they are attached to the papillary muscles and keep blood from flowing back into the atrium through the AV valves

Front 55

T/F capillaries have the lowest blood pressure among all the vessels in the circulatory systsem

Back 55

False

vena cava have the lowest blood pressure

Front 56

T/F S1 (lub) is the first heart sound caused by closing of the semi-lunar valves

Back 56

F

Front 57

T/F aorta has the highest mean blood pressure and the superior and inferior venacavae have the lowest

Back 57

T

Front 58

T/F mesenteric artery and vein form the main blood supply for the liver in the abdomen of the animal

Back 58

F

Front 59

T/F aorta is divided into thoracic and abdominal parts. Thoracic part is associated with carotid artery and the abdominal part with the celiac artery

Back 59

T

Front 60

T/F during oxygenation of blood in the lungs, oxyhemoglobin is formed whereas during exhange of gases in tissues, carboxyhemoglobin is formed for the removal of carbon dioxide

Back 60

F

Front 61

T/F iron exists in the ferrous form in the hemoglobin and usually nitrate poisoning can lead to the conversion of ferrous form to the ferric form

Back 61

T

Front 62

T/F these structures are the rods and cones and their names are derived from the structural characteristic arising from the multiple folds of the plasma

Back 62

T

Front 63

T/F conjunctiva is that part of the eye which produces tears and conducts them via puncta and caniculi to keep the nose of the animal moist

Back 63

F

Front 64

T/F blood in the body of the animal does not clot because there are natural anticoagulants such as heparin present in it to prevent it from clotting

Back 64

T

Front 65

T/F clotting factors occur in the inactive form and have to be cleaved or activated for the clotting or cascade to occur in the blood

Back 65

T

Front 66

T/F the 2 types of stem cell lineages found in the bone marrow that are the precursor cells for the various types of blood cells are known as myeloid and lymphoid

Back 66

T

Front 67

T/F phagocytosis is the process of taking in a particle, substance or even an intact cell by another cell;eating the cell

Back 67

T

Front 68

T/F pus is the semiliquid material resulting from a response to microbial invasion consisting of dead erythrocytes

Back 68

F

Front 69

T/F approx. 20% of the total blood can be found in the pulm. circulation

Back 69

T

Front 70

T/F heart has a bas and an apex; apex is formed mostly by the left ventricle

Back 70

T

Front 71

AV node is also known as the pacemaker of the heart as it generates action potentials

Back 71

F

Front 72

T/F pituitary gland converts seratonin and melatonin to regulate sleep/wake cycle of the animal

Back 72

F

Front 73

T/F pancreas is known as a mixed gland as there is an endocrine and exocrine part to it. The endocrine part produces insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin

Back 73

T

Front 74

T/F Renin- angiotensin system is a system that regulates venous blood pressure in the animals

Back 74

F

Front 75

What does the word "stello" mean?

Back 75

place

Front 76

What does "erythros" mean?

Back 76

red

Front 77

in what structure does the delay in the electrical conduction occur in the heart?

Back 77

AV node

Front 78

discuss depolarization of the heart and how it moves.

Back 78

depolarization occurs at the SA node, then goes over the interventricular pathway, then to the AV node where there is a delay and then to the bundle of his down the branches and then to the purkinje fibers where this causes the contraction to go from the bottom, up and out

Front 79

define BMR

Back 79

rate of oxygen consumption: the rate at which an organism consumes oxygen while awake but at rest, measured in calories per square meter of body surface per hour

Front 80

What is hemostasis and discuss the steps.

Back 80

hemostasis- the stoppage of bleeding by constriction of smooth muscle of injured vessel to reduce the opening, formation of the platelet plug to occlude the opening, and clot formation to complete occlusion of the opening

Front 81

What are the 3 conditions associated with erythrocytes, discuss.

Back 81

interus/jaundice- syndrome characterized by yellowish color of skin, mucus membranes, and sclera; results from accumulation of bilirubin in blood and may cause liver damage

anemia- results if the # of RBC's or quantity of hemoglobing per unit of blood is below normal, or deficient blood formation; low functioning RBC's and hemoglobing; due to poor nutrition or mineral deficits

hemolysis- breakdown of erythrocytes and release of hemoglobin

Front 82

Discuss the portal system and give 2 examples

Back 82

portal system is a system where the vessel divides into capillaries, recombines to form another vessel, and redivides into another capillary bed

EX: hepatic portal system and hypothalamohypophysial portal system

*arterial blood enters and drains into the 1st capillary bed of stomach/intestines where nutrients and toxins are absorbed. Then goes through hepatic portal vein and into capillary bed #2 of the liver where the nutrients and toxins leave. blood then flows through the hepatic vein and becomes venous cavity and into the venacavae

Front 83

What is homoconcentration and what conditions may cause?

Back 83

- water content in plasma is low and this causes thickening of the wall
-decrease in the fluid component of blood with a resulting increase in the ratio of cells to fluid

-caused by diarrhea and vomiting; reduction in plasma volume may result from inadequate water intake or excessive loss of fluids from the body

Front 84

What is the feedback mechanism of a hormone and discuss 2 types with examples

Back 84

-assuming their is an adequate number of functioning receptors available, the biologic effect of any hormone is directly proportional to the concentration of the hormone in the body fluids available to bind to the receptors

Neg feedback regulation- rising levels of the hormone bring abt a biologic response that inhibits further hormone release Ex: insulin

-pos. feedback regulation- rarely seen; hormone brings abt a biologic response that produces a further increase in the release of a hormone
Ex: oxytocin

Front 85

Discuss how insulin and glucagon work in the body.

Back 85

insulin- decreases glucose levels by increasing uptake of glucose by cells

glucagon- increases blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen into glucose

Front 86

What are the key differences btw the mechanism of action of the steroid and peptide hormones

Back 86

steroid- receptors found in cytoplasm/nucleus
-biologice responses develop slowly, but last longer than peptide
-hormone binding triggers transcription of DNA which leads to MnRA for specific proteins to be produces
-increase in protein production brings abt desired effects of hormone
-hormones not stored, and must be synthesized just prior to release

peptide- receptors found in the cell membrane
-response rapid and can be quickly reversed
-secondary messengers=cellular components that bring abt desired effect of hormone after binding of hormone to receptor
-stored in secretory granules by endocrine cells so ready for available release

Front 87

discuss the events that happen/occur during breakdown of hemoglobin

Back 87

degradation of the RBC's occurs by the monocyte-macrophage system.
-macrophages of this system seen most prevalent in the spleen and liver
-macrophages phagocytize intact RBC's, and cellular debris, and hemoglobin that are released when RBC's distinigrate in the blood
-macrophages degrade the globin portion of hemoglobin and release resulting amino acids/proteins into circulation
-iron is removed from the heme portion and is released into blood where it is transported by/binds with the transferrin (body tries to conserve iron)
-cells that require iron, have cell membrane receptors that bind transferrin so cells can take up iron from the circulation
-iron from circulation also accumulates in the liver in the storage form of ferritin.
-after protein/iron removed from hemoglobin, biliverdin remains, and that is reduced to bilirubin, and that binds with albumin and is transferred to the liver, passes to the gallbladder by bile, and to intestines where reduced to bilinogens and excreted in feces (brown in color), or reabsorbed into the blood and excreted in the urine as urobilinogen