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190 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Baroreceptors
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a reflex change in cardiac activity in response to blood pressure change
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Chemoreceptors
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detect changes in the concentrations of gases or dissolved substances
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Fast pain
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prickling pain, as caused by an injection or deep cut
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free nerve endings
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simplest receptors, sensitive to pain from crushing or heat
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lamellated corpuscles
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large receptors sensitive to pressure
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mechanoreceptors
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group of receptors sensitive to stretching or compression
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nociceptors
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pain receptors, are actually free nerve endings in joints.
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proprioceptors
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moniter the position of joints and tension in joints
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referred pain
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perception of pain from part of the boyd not actually stimulated.
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root hair plexus
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free nerve endings stimulated by the movement of hairs
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ruffinin corpuscles
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deepest receptors sensitive to pressure and skin changes
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slow pain
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the perception of slower, burning pain
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tactile corpuscles
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sensitive to fine touch and pressure and low frequency vibration
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tactile discs
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also merkels discs, fine pressure and touch
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thermoreceptors
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receptors to changes in temperature
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Name the five functions of blood
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transport dissolved gases
regulation of pH restriction of fluid loss defense against toxins stablizes body temperature |
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Basophil
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produces histomines
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Eosineophil
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-fights parasites
-a granulocyte similar in size to neutrophils and attatch objects coated with antibodies -contain heparin |
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Erythrocyte
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-carries oxygen
-lack a nucleus -carries carbon dioxide -a biconcave disc -move single file throuh capillaries -live for 90-120 days |
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lymphocyte
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-found in lymph nodes
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monocyte
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nucleus is large and fills almost the entire cell
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neutrophil
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most common white cell
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platelet
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nucleus is also large and fill almost the entire cell
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Anastomoses
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interconnections between arteries
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AV bundle
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bundle of his, part of conducting system in interventricular septum
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AV node
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the conducting cells in the atrial walls
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cardiac output
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amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in a minute
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chordea tendinae
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connective tissue fibers attactching the atrioventricular valves
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coronary sinus
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a large thin-walled vein in the posterior portion of the coronary sulcus
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coronoary sulcus
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a deep groove in the anterior surface of the heart filled with fat and blood vessels
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diastole
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relaxation phase of the heart
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intercalated discs
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connections of desmosomes and gap junctions of adjacent cardiac cells
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papillary muscles
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cone shaped projections on the inner ventricular surface, attached to chordae
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pericardium
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serous membrane around the heart
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purkinje fibers
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branches of the conduction system into the ventricles
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SA node
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the pacemaker of the heart in the right atrium
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systole
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the contraction phase of the heart
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arteriole
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blood vessels leading to capillaries
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artery
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group of blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
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capillary
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smallest blood vessels with wall of one layer of endothelium
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carotid body
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chemoreceptor monitoring the composition of arterial blood to head
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elastic
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walls of these are dominated by elastic fibers rather than smooth muscle
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muscular
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wall of these medium arteries distribute blood to internal organs
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pulmonary
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circuit of blood to and from the lungs
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sphincter
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circular smooth muscle found at the beginning of the capillary bed
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systemic
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circuit of blood to body to suply oxygen and back to right atrium
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tunica externa
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sheath of connective tissue around an artery
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tunica interna
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endothelial lining on an artery
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tunica media
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layer containing smooth muscle in the artery
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valves
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structure preventing backflow of blood in veins
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venule
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smaller vessels that form from the capillary veins
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arteries
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-carries blood away from hear
-large lumen |
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capillaries
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-exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide occurs in these
-wall is one cell thick |
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veins
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-valves present along their length
-varicose; form in these |
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axillary
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takes blood to armpit
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brachial
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takes blood to upper arm
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common carotid
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takes blood in the neck toward the head
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common iliac
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branch of abdominal aorta toward pelvis and leg
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external iliac
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takes blood towards pelvic area
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gastric
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takes blood toward stomach
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intercostals
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takes blood to the ribs
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internal iliac
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takes blood to and supplies bladder and reproductive area
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radial artery
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takes blood to forearm on the thumb side
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renel artery
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takes blood to the kidney
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subclavian artery
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takes blood to the shoulder
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ulnar artery
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takes blood to the forearm, pinkie side
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Name the five functions of the respiratory system
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1) Gas exchange between air and blood
2) Moves air to and from the gas-exchange surfaces of the lungs 3) protects the respiratory surface from dehydration and temperature changes and defends against invading pathogens 4) produce sounds and speech 5) providing olfactory sensations to the central nervous system for the sense of smell |
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Alveolous
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air sac, where gases are exchanged
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cricoid
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laryngeal cartilage providing posterior support
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diaphragm
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muscle inferior to lungs that causes lungs to inflate when contracted
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epiglottis
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flap of tissue and cartilage covering the esophagus during swallowing
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expiration
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breathing out
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glottis
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narrow opening in larynx
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hemoglobin
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pigment in blood that carries oxygen
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inspiration
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breathing in
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pleura
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serous membrane around lungs
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residual volume
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amount of air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation
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respiratory rate
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amount of air moved into and out of lungs in one minute
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thyroid
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cartilage forming the anterior surface of larynx
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tidal volume
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air that moves into and out of lungs in one breath
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tracheal cartilage
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a C shaped ring of cartilage helping to keep trachea open
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vocal chords
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fold of tissure betwen laryngeal cartilage that aids in speech
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Name the 6 related processes to digestion
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Ma Dies!
1) Mechanical processing 2) absorption 3) Digestion 4) Ingestion 5) Excretion 6) Secretion |
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appendix
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fingerlike projection off the cecum, has no known function
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bile
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secretion of liver that emulsifies fat
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bolus
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ball of food formed after being mixed with saliva
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chief cells
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secrete protien, pepsinogen
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chyme
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food mixed with digestive juices in the stomach
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mastication
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chewing
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pepsin
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a protein digesting enzyme
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peristalsis
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a rythmic wave of contraction moving substances along the digestive tract
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plicae cirulares
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circular folds in the wall of the small intestine
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rugae
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folds in the wall of the stomach, allowing it to expand
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saliva
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secretion digestion starches in the mouth
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Villi
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fingerlike projection in small intestine, increasing surface area
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Name the four function of the urinary system
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1) regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
2) regulating plasma concentrations of ions 3) helps to stablize PH 4) conserving valuable nutrients |
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creatinine
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waste product from breakdown of RNA
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filtration
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liquid formed from water being pusehd across the membrance in the renal corpuscle
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glomerulus
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ball of capillaries of the renal corpuscle
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hilum
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a notch in the medial surface of the kidney, where ureters leave
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micturition
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urination
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nephron
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structural and functional unit of the kidney
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reabsorption
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transport of solutes out of the capillaries and into te filtrate
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renal pelvis
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cavity at medial portion of kidney where urine colletcs
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retroperitioneal
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location of kidney, outside the abdominal cavity
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secretion
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removal of water and solutes from filtrate back into blood
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urea
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most abundant organic waste from breakdown of amino acids
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ureters
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tube carrying urine from the kidney to bladder
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urethra
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tube from the bladder passing urine out of the body
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uric acid
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waste product from breakdown of RNA
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IN MALES ONLY
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scrotum
testes prostate epididymis ductus defrens |
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IN FEMALES ONLY
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ovary
fimbrae vagina vestibular glands mons pubis clitoris |
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In BOTH FEMALES AND MALES
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gonads
urethra erectile tissue |
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Corpus spongiosum
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tissue containing spaces that fills with blood during arousal
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ejaculation
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forcible release of sperm
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fertilization
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uniting of ovum and sperm to form a zygote
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follicle
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in ovary, where occytes grow and ova mature
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infundibulum
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the expanded funnel shaped opening of the uterine tube near the ovary
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interstitial cells
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cells in testes producing hormones
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lactation
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production of milk
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menarche
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the first menstul period of a female at puberty
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menses
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the first phase of the menstrual cycle when the endometrium breaks down
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ovulation
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release of ovum from ovary
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follicle
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in ovary where occytes from and ova mature
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infundibulum
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the expanded funnel shaped opening of the uterine tube near the ovary
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interstial cells
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cells in testes producing hormones
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sustenacular cells
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cells in testes that nourish the developing sperm
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tunica albuginea
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fibrous capsule enclosing the testis
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zona pellucida
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region around the surface of the oocyte containing microvilli
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Name five effects of pregnancy on other systems
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1)maternal respiratory rate goes up and tidal volume increases
2) maternal blood volume increases 3) maternal requirements for nutrients and vitamins climb 10-30 percent 4) maternal glomular filtration rate increases by 50 percent 5) mammary glands increase |
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allantois
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sac of endoderm and mesoderm that becomes the urinary bladder
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amnion
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encloses a fluid that cushions embryo and fetus during development
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blastocoel
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center cavity of the hollow ball of cells
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blastocyst
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a hollow bowl of cells coming from a zygote
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blastmeres
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genetically identical cells arising from a zygote
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chorion
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contains blood vessels that create a pathway linking the embryo with trophoblast
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cleavage
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a series of cell divisons beginning after fertilization
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gastrulation
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movement of cells from the inner cell mass forming the three germ layers
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morula
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solid ball of cells resembling a mulberry
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placenta
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structure in uterine wall providing a site for diffusion between blood of fetus and mother
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trophoblast
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the outer wall of cells in the blastocyst
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yolk sac
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the first embryonic membrane to appear, contains blood vessels
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amniotic fluid
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cushions baby during development
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endoderm
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layer of cells facing the blastocel; will form digestive system
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ectoderm
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superficial layer of cells in contact with the amniotic cavity; becomes skin
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episotomy
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an incision through the perineum
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gestation
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the time spent in prenatal development
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implantation
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when the sygote becomes embedded in the endometrium
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mesoderm
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poorly organized layer of cells; will become the muscular system
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premature labor
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contraction begin before fetal development is complete
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relaxin
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hormone causing dilation
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umbilical cord
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attactchent of baby tp placenta
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uterine tube
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site of fertilization of ovum by sperm
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aldesterone
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stimulates sodium and water conservation in kidney's
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gonadotropin- releasing hormone
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stimulates follicle develpoment in females
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inhibin
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stops the secreation of fsh
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lutenizing hormone
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stimulates ovulation in females
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oxytoxin
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causes contraction of uterine muscles during childbirth
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progesterone
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stimulates growth of the lining of the uterus
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rennin
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release by kidney's when O2 levels or pressure drops
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testosterone
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male secondary sex characteristics
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aneurysm
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weakened artery that make explode under pressure
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arteriorsclerosis
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hardening the arteries
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atherosclerosis
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fat depostics in the lumen of an artery
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bronchitis
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inflamation of the air tubes inferior to the trachea
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embolism
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a moving blood clot
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hemophilia
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bleeders disease
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leukemia
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cancer involving the white blood cells
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myocardial infarction
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a heart attack
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Oophoritis
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inflammation of the ovaries
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orchitis
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inflammation of the testes
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phlebitis
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inflammation of the viens, in legs
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apnea
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when breathing stops
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cystitis
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inflammation of the lining of the bladder
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edema
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accumulation of fluid, particularily in the joints
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gall stones
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deposits of bile salts and mineral tubules
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glaucoma
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eye disorder when pressure inside eye raises due to inadequete drainage
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glycosuria
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the presence of glucosa in the urine
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nephritis
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inflammation of the kidney's
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nystagmus
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abnormal eye movements after brain or inner ear is damaged
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pleurisy
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inflammation of the membranes around the lungs
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presbyopia
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loss of elasticity of the lends
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prostate cancer
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a tumor in the male gland
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vaginitis
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inflammation of birth canal
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Cardiovascular aging effects
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calcium salts deposited in walls of vessels
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respiratory aging effects
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chest movements restricted due to arthritic
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digestive aging effects
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weaker peristaltic contractions
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urinary aging effects
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prostate enlarges
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reproductive againg effects
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weaker peristaltic contraction
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what color is bubble gum?
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PIIIIIINK
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