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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Nervous System
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Specialized tissue that conducts electrical impulses between the brain and the rest of the body, contains nerve cells and neuroglia.
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166
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Nerve cells
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Know as neurons composed of axon (body) and dendrites (like the connection).
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166
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Neuroglia
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Supporting cells that have four basic functions. Provide a supporting skeleton for neural tissue, isolate and protect the cell membrane of neurons, regulate the composition of interstitial fluid, defend neural tissue from pathogens, and aid in the repair of injury.
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166
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Axons can be...
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surrounded by a membrane sheath or unsheathed/unmyelinated axons. Unsheathed axons action potential electrical signals in the nerves propagate along the entire axon membrane.
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166
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Schwann cells
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Nervous tissue that helps form the myelin sheath around certain neurons.
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188
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Mylinated nerves are covered by what?
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Myelin sheath manufactured by a form of nervous tissue called Schwann cells.
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166
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Nodes of Ravier
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Located between individual Schwann cells the intervals. In mylinated nerves, the action potential jumps between these regions, increasing speed of transmission of the impulse.
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166
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White matter
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Bundles of mylinated nerves.
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166
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Between the nerve cells lies a gap called the __________, which consist of a terminal bouton or other type of axon terminal, the synaptic cleft and the membrane of the postsynaptic cell.
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synapse
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166
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Presynaptic terminal
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The end of a nerve where neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.
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187
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synaptic cleft
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The space between neurons where electrical impulses trigger the release of neurotransmitters, which in turn stimulate an electrical reaction in adjacent neurons.
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188
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postsynaptic terminal
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The end of the nerve where electrical impulses are received from the synaptic cleft.
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187
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neurotransmitters
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Chemicals produced by the body that stimulate electrical reactions in adjacent neurons.
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187
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synaptic vesicles
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Vesicles that contain neurotransmitters.
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188
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Nerve fibers
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Groups of nerve cells bundled together.
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167
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Nerve
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Tissue that connects the nervous system with body parts or organs.
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168
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CNS
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Central Nervous System, brain and spinal cord.
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168
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Brain stem consist of the...
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midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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168
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What is the largest portion of the brain?
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Cerebral Cortex also known as cerebrum
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168
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Cerebral Cortex/Cerebrum
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Controls the higher thought processes, consist of Rt and Lt halves by longitudinal fissure.
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168
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Responsibility of frontal lobe
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Speech, primary voluntary motor action, personality traits, and conscious thought.
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168
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Responsibility of parietal lobe
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Taste, language, primary sensory area excluing smell hearing and vision, body awarness. Separated by central sulcus.
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169
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Responsibility of occipital lobe
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Vision
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169
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Responsibility of temporal lobe
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Hearing, reading, and memory. Separated by lateral fissure.
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169
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Where do most nerves cross from one side to another?
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The brain stem
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170
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diencephalon
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The part of the brain between the brain stem and the cerebrum and includes the thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus.
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170
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thalamus
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Processes most sensory input and influences mood and general body movements, especially those associated with fear or rage.
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170
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subthalamus
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Controls motor function.
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170
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epithalamus
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Function of unclear, especially the pineal body a part of the epithalamus.
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170
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hypothalamus
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Inferior portion of the diencephalon vital in the control many body functions including heart rate, digestion, sexual development, temperature regulation, emotion, hunger, thirst, and sleep cycle.
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170
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basal ganglia
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Located deep within the cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain, functions is to control coordination of motor movements and posture.
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170
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limbic system
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Portions of the cerebrum and diencephalon, functions include several structures that influence emotion, motivation, mood, and sensations of pain and pleasure.
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170
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pons
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Located below the midbrain and above the medulla, it contains nerve fibers for sleep, respiration, and medullary respiratory center.
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170
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medulla
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Inferior portion of midbrain, serves as a conduction pathway for both ascending and descending nerve tracts. Coordinates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.
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171
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Of the brain what is responsible for all respiratory movements?
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Pons and medullary respiratory center
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171
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cerebellum
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Located inferior to brain stem it communicates with other regions of the CNS through cerebrellar peduncles, a set of three bands of nerve fiber. Functions in coordinating muscle movements of the body. Normal cerebellar functions is necessary for proper balance and movement.
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171
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meninges
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a set of three tough membranes that surround the brain, dura, arachnoid, and pia matter (outer to inner). Dura outer and toughest. Arachnoid got its name from the blood vessels it contains appearance of spider webs. Pia innermost layer directly on the brain or spinal cord.
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171
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CSF
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Cerebrospinal fluid, manufactured by specialized cells within the choroid plexus in the ventricles, specialized hallow areas in the brain. Similar in composition to plasma, the meninges and CSF form a fluid-filled sac that cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord.
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172
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CSF flows into the space between the pia matter and arachnoid mater known as the...
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subarachnoid space.
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172
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Stroke
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A disruption of the circulation to the brain, causing brain damage and abnormal neurologic findings. Two types embolic (clot) and hemorrhagic (bleed) stoke. S/S are severe sudden weakness, facial droop, HA, Sz, LOC, elevated BP as the body tries to maintain blood flow to the compromised area.
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172
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TIA
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Transient ischemic attack, neurologic impairment that lasts less than 24 hours, however is a serious sign of an impending stoke, especially within another 2 weeks.
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172
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Meningitis
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Inflammation of the meninges and CSF, usually caused by an infection.
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173
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ascending reticular activating system
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Located within the brain stem, responsible for consciousness. Sharp blow to this area results in unconsciousness.
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173
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Spinal cord
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Part of the CNS that extends through the foramen magnum protected by the spine.
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173
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cauda equina
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At the level of the second lumbar vertebra, gives rise to numerous individual nerve roots.
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173
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subarachnoid hemorrhage
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Bleeding between the arachnoid and pia matter usually from trauma.
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174
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How will blood and CSF appear together?
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Because CSF and blood do not mix well, sometimes CSF appears as a halo of clear fluid around drops of blood when it leaks onto a guaze pad.
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174
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CSF Taste
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Pts may complain of "salty taste" as it is of the same chemical consistency as seawater.
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174
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Ascending fibers (afferent tracts)
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Carry sensory info in the form of action potentials, from the periphery back to the brain.
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174
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Descending fibers (efferent tracts)
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Carry motor impulses also in the form of action potentials, from the brain to the fibers of the peripheral nervous system.
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174
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anterior spinothalmic tracts
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Carry light touch, pressure, and tickling and itching sensations.
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174
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lateral spinothalmic tracts
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Carry pain and temperature information.
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174
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spinocerebellar tract
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Carries information regarding body position to the cerebellum.
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174
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corticospinal tracts
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Coodinates movement especially of the hands.
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174
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vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tract
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Transmit information related to involuntary body movement.
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174
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Spinal reflex arc
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Automatic reactions to stimuli that occur without conscious thought. Like reflux hammer to tendon, and automatic response to withdraw from pain.
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175
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PNS
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The peripheral nervous system consist of nerves that extend from the CNS to peripheral structures outside the CNS.
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175
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Ganglia
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Collection of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS.
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175
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spinal nerve
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Nerves in the PNS that arise from numerous rootlets along the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the spinal cord.
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188
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sensory nerves
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Also known as afferent nerves, carry impulses from the body to the brain and provide input to the brain about sensations.
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175
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dermatome
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The area of the skin supplied by a given pair of spinal sensory nerves.
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176
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Motor nerves
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Also know as efferent nerves, carry commands from the brain to the receptor on the muscle for nerve impulses resulting in muscle contraction and motion.
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176
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plexus
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Where several nerves come together to form organized intermingling. There are four plexus in the body. Cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexus.
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176
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plexus give rise to...
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peripheral nerves, supplying motor and sensory.
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176
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phrenic nerve innervates the
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diaphragm
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176-177
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cranial nerves
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The 12 pair of nerves that arise from the base of the brain.
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185
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Which cranial nerves do not exit from the brain stem?
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Only two the I Olfactory and II Optic nerve.
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180
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List function and number:
Olfactory nerve |
Smell
Number I |
181
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List function and number:
Optic nerve |
Vision
Number II |
181
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List function and number:
Oculomotor nerve |
Innervates (nerve supply) the muscle that cuase motion of the eyeballs and upper lid. Also carries parasympathetic nerve fibers that cause constriction of the pupil, and accommodation of the lens.
Number III |
181
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List function and number:
Trochlear nerve |
Innervates (nerve supply) the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball, which allows for a downward gaze.
Number IV |
181
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List function and number:
Trigeminal nerve |
Supplies sensation to the scalp, forehead, face and lower jaw, also provides innervation (nerve supply) to muscles of mastication, the throat, and inner ear.
Number V |
181
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List function and number:
Abducent Nerve |
Supplies the lateral rectus muscle of eyeball allowing for lateral movement.
Number VI |
181
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List function and number:
Facial nerve |
Supplies motor ativity to all mucles of facial expression, the sense of taste, cutaneious sensation to the external ear, tongue, and palate. Also carries parasympathetic stimulation to the salivary glands, lacrimal glands, and the glands of the nasal cavity and palate.
Number VII |
181
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List function and number:
Vestibulocochlear nerve |
Hearing and balance
Number VIII |
182
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List function and number:
Glossopharyngeal nerve |
Supplies motor fibers to the pharyngeal muscle. Provides taste and carries parasympathetic fibers to the salivary glands located on each side of the face.
Number IX |
182
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List function and number:
Vagus nerve |
Motor functions to the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx (voice). Carries sensory fibers from the inferior pharynx, larynx, thoracic, and abdominal organs, taste bud fibers from the posterior tongue, and parasympathetic fibers to thoracic and abdominal organs.
Number X |
182
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List function and number:
Accessory nerve |
Provides motor innervation (nerve supply) to the muscle of the soft palate and the pharynx and to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. The spinal accessory nerve controls swallowing, speech, head, and shoulder movements.
Number XI |
182
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List function and number:
Hypoglossal nerve |
Provides motor function to the muscles of the tongue and throat.
Number XII |
182
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ANS
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Automatic nervous system, operates without conscious control and regulates the function of the internal organs, glands, and smooth muscle. Consist of two divisions the parasympathetic and the sympathetic division.
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182
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sympathetic pathway
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Fight and flight response.
Division of the ANS responsible for the body's response to shock and stress. Sympathetic responses include release of adrenaline from adrenal gland, shunting of blood from the extremities to the vital organs, increasing BP, increasing HR, increasing RESP, dilation of the pupils, and reduction of digestive system activity. |
182
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parasympathetic nervous system
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Division of the ANS responsible for body's relaxation. Slows HR RESP, Lowers BP, and constrict the pupils, and increasing digestive system activity.
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182
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SLUDGE
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In reference to parasympathetic
Salivation Lacrimation Urination Defecation Gatrointestinal cramping end emesis (vomiting) |
182
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