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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the medical science name for the heart?
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cardium
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How many valve are in the heart?
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4
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What are the two atrioventricular valves and what do they separate?
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Tricuspid-between the rt atrium and the rt ventricle.
Mitral/Bicuspid-between the lt atrium and lt ventricle. |
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What are the two semilunar valves and what do they separate.
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Pulmonic valve-between rt ventricle and pulmonary artery.
Aortic valve-between the lt ventricle and the aorta. |
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Blood flow through the heart
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Superior and inferior vena cava--->Right atrium--->Tricuspid valve--->Right ventricle--->Pulmonary semilunar valve--->Pulmonary trunk--->Pulmonary arteries--->Lung Tissue--->Pulmonary Veins--->Left atruim--->Mitral/bicuspid valve--->Lt ventricle---->aortic valve---->aorta (body)
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Heart sounds
S1 and S2 |
A series of "lub-DUB, lub DUB, lub-DUB-like" sounds that are heard when listening to the heart.The first, termed S1("lub"), results from sudden closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of ventricular contraction. The second normally louder heart sound S2 ("DUB"), is caused by closure of the pulmonic and aortic valves at end of systole. Both S1 and S2 are normal and should always be present.
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excitability
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The ability of cells to respond to electrical impulses.
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Where are baroreceptors and what do they sense?
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Located in Heart and arteries, they monitor BP
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Effect of the Alpha receptors on the body
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Part of the Sympathetic stimulation they cause vasocontriction.
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What are the three positively charged ions used to conduct electrical signals to the heart?
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Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca+)
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Name the process energy of the sodium-potassium pump
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This process requires the expenditure of energy.
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Definitions and paramenters of diastolic pressure
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The relaxation phase of the heart cycle, normal adults are at 70 to 90mm Hg.
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Definitions of the linings of the blood vessels
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The smooth, thin, inner lining is the tunica intima, or endothelium. The middle layer, the tunica media, and is composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessels to expand or contract. The thickest layer, the outer layer is the tunica adventitia and consists of elestic and fibrous connective tissue.
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Where does the circumflx coronary artery branch from?
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The left main coronary artery, the largest and shortest myocardial blood vessels.
So does the left anterior descending (LAD) artery. |
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What arteries arise for the aortic arch from lt to rt?
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Lt subclavian atrery, Lt common corotid artery, braachiocephalic artery.
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the circle of Willis
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Circle of arteries that supply blood to the brain. Design so even if one vessel becomes occlude circulation to that portion remains by another.
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Subclavian artery give rise to...
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vertebral arteries which supply blood to the brain, neck, and anterior chest wall.
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basilar artery
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The artery that is formed when the left and right vertebral arteries unite after enter the brain through the foramen magnum.
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cerebral arteries
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The arteries that supply a large portion of the cerebral cortex of the brain.
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jugular vein
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The two major veins that drain the had and neck.
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venous siuses
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The spaces between the membranes surrounding the brain.
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The location of the external and internal jugular vein fusion.
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The external jugular joins the internal jugular at the base of the neck. The internal jugular vein joins the subclavian veins to form the brachiocephalic veins, which drain into the superior vena cava.
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The longest vein in the body is the...
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great saphenous vein
It drains the foot leg and thigh. |
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Approximately how much blood in liters do adults hold?
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~5
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How much blood in human body in mL/kg?
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Males 70mL/kg
Females 65mL/kg |
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Function of RBC and WBC
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RBC-primary function is to carry oxygen to tissues.
WBC-primary function is to fight infection. |
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Signs and Symptoms of pulmonary emboli
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A blockage of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches, usually occurring when a venous thrombus (blood clot from a vein) becomes dislodged from its site of formation and embolizes to the arterial blood supply of one of the lungs. This process is termed thromboembolism.
Symptoms may include difficulty breathing, pain in the chest during breathing, and in more severe cases collapse, circulatory instability and sudden death. Treatment, usually, is with anticoagulant medication, such as heparin and warfarin, and rarely (in severe cases) with thrombolysis or surgery. In other, rarer forms of pulmonary embolism, material other than a blood clot is responsible; this may include fat or bone (usually in association with significant trauma), air (often when diving), clumped tumor cells, and amniotic fluid (affecting mothers during childbirth). |
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Bilirubin
What is it, where is it, and its part in jaundice? |
The part of the hemoglobin no recycled, waste product that undergoes further metablolism in the liver. Normally, a chemical derivative of bilirubin, urobilinogen, is excreted in the stool and in the urine.
Belirubin may accumulate in the blood for a number or reasons from liver disease to bleeding, causing jaundice, increase bilirubin blood concentration. |
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Number and location of arteries in the hand.
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The brachial arter divides into the ulnar and radial arteries. These arteries form the two palmar arches of vessels within the hand: the superficial palmar and the deep palmar arch. Digital arteries extend from the superficial palmar arch to each digit.
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Components of lymph\
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A thin plasma-like liquid formed from interstitial or extracellular fluid that bathes the tissues of the body.
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Types of circulatory systems and which lymph is
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A passive circulatory system the begins with very small lymphatic capillaries.
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Direction in which lymph carries fluid
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Generally, fluid flows from the blood capillaries to the tissues, then out of the tissue spaces into lymph capillaries.
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Number of lymph nodes involved before lymph is in the blood
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Lymph vessels pass through at least on lymph node before entering the bloodstream, where lyphocytes normally filter the lymph.
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Location of the thymus
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A triangular-shaped gland located below the sternum in the superior mediastinum.
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Lay term for lymph nodes is
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"glands"Definition of metastasis
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Definition of metastasis
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The spreading of a disease from one part of the body to another, especially with many forms of cancer.
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Location of the tonsils
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Three sets of lymphatic organs comprise the tonsils:the palatine tonsils, the pharyngeal tonsils, and the linjual tonsils. Located in the back of the throat and nasopharynx through the nose and mouth. The palatine tonsils are located in the back of the throat, on each side of the posterior opening of the oral cavity. The pharynegeal tonsils are located near the internal opening of the nasal cavity. The lingual tonsils are located on the posterior margin of the tongue.
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Types of lukocytes that fight infection
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Neutrophils usually are the first cells to enter infected tissues. Once they ingest bacteria, larger cells, macrophages, are able to leave the bloodstream and enter the diseased tissues. Basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils are all other types of leukocytes that may play a role following infection of various areas in the body.
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How TB is spread
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Spread through droplets from coughing and sneezing.
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Types of infection agents
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air borne, body substance, injection, and oral transmission.
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Patients with depressed immune systems and the pathogens who love them
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changing gloves and paying attention to cleaning equipment between pts is critical to minimize the risk of exposure from one pt to another. Depressed immune system pts require only minimal exposure to infection to become sicker.
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The location of lyphatic vessel empty
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Eventually, the lymphatic vessels empty into either the rt or lt subclavian vein.
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Where lymph nodules are found
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Denser arrangements of lymphoid tissue are called lymph nodules and are found in the loose connective tissue of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems. They are also found int eh lymph nodes and the spleen.
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Definition of lymphadenitis
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Inflammation of the lymph nodes caused by infection.
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Fluids that wash away foreign matter
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lymph
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List the most important component of the immune system
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Leukocytes
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Name the first cells to infected tissue
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Neutrophils
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Medications required for treating allergic reactions
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Adrenaline (epi) a naturally occurring hormone that helps reverse the reactions of anaphylaxis.
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Definition and process of lysis
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Break apart.
When activated by an antigen, T cells differentiate into T memory cells and T effector cells. The T memory cells remain within the body, ready to respond to a second challenge. The T effector cells produce lymphokines, complex proteins that recruit mast cells and other nonspecific inflammatory mediators to aid in destruction of the antigen. In some cases, T effector cells bind to the foreign cell and cause it to break apart. |
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The definition of acquired immunity
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Develops in one's lifetime and is a reaction in the body occurring as a result of natural exposure to invaders or from deliberate exposure to an antigen.
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The number and types of hepatitis in the US
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There are 7 types of hepatitis labeled A-G, but only the first 4 are common in the US.
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Locations where TB is prevalent
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TB is prevalent in nursing homes, homeless shelters, hospitals, prisons, migrant farm camps, and among IV drug users and HIV-positive individuals.
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