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37 Cards in this Set

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Metabolism
The combination of all chemical process that take place in the body, resulting in growth generations of energy, body heat, elimination of wastes, and other bodily functions.
210
Explain the two components of metabolism
Anabolism is the building or "constructive phase," in which smaller molecules are converted to larger molecules.
Catabolism is the "destructive" or breakdown phase, in which large molecules are converted to smaller molecules.
210
Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth with...
-Ptyalin and enzyme that hydrolyzes startch into maltose.
-Hydrolysis-Reaction in which water is added and larger molecules are broken into smaller ones.

The process continues in the stomach for about an hour, until stomach acid blocks the activity of amylase.
210
Notes
The final products of carbohydrate digestion in the gut are...

How do they pass into intestinal mucosal cell membranes?
glucose, fructose, and glaactose.

Facilitated diffusion, an energy-requiring process that aids in to movement of particle through gradients.
210
glycogen
glucose stored in the liver
210
Cellular respiration
A biochemical process resulting in the production of energy in the from of ATP, "energy food." It takes place in the mitochondrion via the Kreb cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
210
aerobic vs anaerobic
Cellular respiration usually occurs in the presence of oxygen and is called normal aerobic metabolism. With low oxygen levels, the cells revert to anaerobic metabolism, which creates lactate acid waste.
210
Normal body temp
98.6 degrees F
or
37.0 degrees C
210
Where is primary control of thermoregulation?
In the brain more specifically the hypothalamus.
210
Thermolysis

[ther-mol-uh-sis]
To normal body means of heat loss and gain. Heat is generated by muscle activity and metabolic reactions in the body. Heat is released in four processes: Radiation (transmitted through space) , Conduction (direct contact), Convection (transfer of heat by circulation), and Evaporation (vaporization, sweating, and breathing).
210
basal metabolic rated
The baseline metabolic rate of the body, or the rate at which the body uses energy while at rest.
211
Body Fluid
Extracellular 25%
Intracellular 75%

Total body weight that is water is 50% to 70% depending on gender.
The % is higher in infants.
211
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
A hormone released by the pituitary gland triggered by decrease body fluid. It functions to cause retention of fluid by the kidneys.
212
Respiration accounts for about ___% of heat loss
25
212
Most heat loss is by...
radiation and convection

~75% at room temp.
212
The body's "emergency" way to lose heat is
evaporation
212
urinary system
Functions to filtrate blood to remove waste, excreting them as urine, and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. The major structures are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
213
kidneys
Solid, bean shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal space behind the abdominal cavity.Main functions is to filter blood, remove waste, and excrete waste as urine.
213
The kidneys are surrounded by
renal capsule a fibrous connective tissue.
213
renal hilum
Where renal artery and nerves enter and the renal vein and ureter exit, located at the medial side of each kidney.
213
renal sinus
Cavity formed by the hilum that is filled with fat and connective tissue.
224
calyces
Large urinary tubes that enter the renal pelvis from kidney tissue.
222
Outer portion of the kidney tissue is the _______, the inner portion is the ________.
renal cortex

medulla.
214
renal pyramids
Cone-shaped structures that extend into the cortex and form medullary rays.
224
renal papilla
The tip of each renal pyramid, which extends into the medulla and is encircled by the opening of a minor calyx.
224
nephron
The function unit of the kidney, each kidney contains ~1.25 million nephrons. resembles a microsopic funnel with a long stem. Urine forms in nephrons.
214
Notes
Loop of Henle
U-shaped portion of the renal tubule that extends from the distal covoluted tubule.
Notes
Bowman's capsule
Located within the kidney at the end of the proximal convoluted tubule, is a chamber ball of capillaries called glomerus. Together they are called renal corpuscle. Plays an important role in regulating the volume of fluid as blood is filter here.
214-215
glomerus filtration rate
The rate at which blood is filter through the glomerula.
215
countercurrent multiplier mechanism
A mechanism by which solutes are transported against a gradient allowing the body to produce a concentrated or dilute urine depending on its needs at any point in time.
222
Of the water that the kidney reabsorbs, __% is taken up via a passive, non energy-requiring process.
99
Notes
Hormones that regulate kidney function
Renin is the main one. It is produced by cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus when BP is too low. Renin produces angiotensin II, which causes vasoconstriction and activates the adrenal glads to increase production of aldosterone. Aldosterone increases the rate of sodium and chloride ion transport from tubules to blood.

ADH produced by hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland and regulates permeability of distal convoluted tubules and the collecting ducts.
216
ureters
A pair of thick-walled, hollow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Contains smooth muscle to maintain flow.
216
micturition reflex
A spinal reflex that causes contraction of smooth muscle of the bladder. Usually the brain "overrides" it until appropriate.
217
urethra
Urine drains from the bladder to the outside via the this tubular structure.
217
Male urethra vs female urethra
The male's is much longer and consist of three parts, prostatic, membranous, and spongy. The female's is only about 4 cm long and is fused with the wall of the vaginal between the clitoris and vagina.
218
Urine travel through the kidney
Produce in the renal corpuscle when afferent arterioles supplies blood and efferent arteriole drain it. From glomerular capsule to the proximal covoluted tubule, to descending limb, loop of Henle, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, cortex, than to the medulla. Than from the pyramids to the ureters.
215