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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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LW
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Liveweight
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DM
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Dry matter
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LI
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Large Intestine
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SI
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Small Intestine
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GIT
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Gastrointestinal tract
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VFA
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Volatile Fatty Acid
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CO2
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Carbon Dioxide
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CH4
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Methane
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LAB
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Lactic Acid Bacteria
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Which four 'organs' assemble the GIT?
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The mouth
The stomach The small intestine The large intestine |
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What is the natural environment of the horse?
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Grazing little and often (16 to 20 hours)
Roaming from 8km-26km a day |
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The intestinal system is designed to process:
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High amounts of low quality feed.
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The main part of a horse's diet is:
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Forage
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What are health implications of feeding MORE grain than forage?
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Gastric ulceration
Hind-gut acidosis Azoturia Colic Laminitis |
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GIT begins at the _________ and ends at the __________.
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GIT begins at the __LIPS__ and ends at the __ANUS__
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GIT consists of which body parts?
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Mouth
Pharynx Oesophagus Stomach small intestine caecum large colon small colon rectum |
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Which organs are associated with GIT?
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teeth
tongue salivary glands liver pancreas |
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The GIT can be described in appearance as:
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More than 100ft long, with change in diameter and lined with a mucous membrane.
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Describe how food is processed in the mouth.
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Lips guide food in
Food torn by upper incisors Molars crush food Chewing produces saliva |
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The stomach can hold up to:
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8 litres of food and is important not to fill up.
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The maximum amount of food a horse should eat per meal is:
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2kg. Any more than that and it will cause complications.
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Describe the 2 sections of the stomach.
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Non glandular section is where food enters and does not have a mucous membrane.
Glandular section is where hydrochloric acid is produced and is protected by a mucous membrane. |
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What is the pH in the glandular region?
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Between 1.5 and 2 on the pH scale. Very acidic.
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Rate of passage through the stomach is:
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Roughly 20 minutes.
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The small intestine can be described as:
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21-25m long, connects the stomach to the large intestine, composed of three parts: Duodenum, Jejenum, and Ileum.
The pH is 2.5-3.5 acidity. Bile acts as a buffer, raising the pH to 7-7.5 neutrality. Brunner's glands further neutralize the food being digested. |
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The goal of the small intestine is to neutralize food. Why?
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Neutral pH aids in transporting nutrients across the gut wall and the more active the enzymes are in digestion.
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The surface area of the small intestine is increased by:
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Villi (little hairs about 1mm long)
Crypts (which secrete enzymes and mucous.) |
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The greatest level of absorption from food occurs in:
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The proximal jejenum, where the rate of passage is between 45 minutes - 2 hours at a pace of 30cm per minute due to muscular contractions.
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The large intestine can be described as:
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7 meters long, lined with mucus secreting glands, composed of four main parts:
Caecum- 1.2 m long. Holds 30 litres. Large fermentation vat. Food enters through ileo-caecal valve and exists through caeco-colic valve. large colon- 3-3.5 m long. Holds 90 litres. Bends called flexures connect the right and left parts of the ventral and dorsal colon. small colon- 3-3.5 m long. Smaller diameter than large colon. It's main function is to aborb water. Rectum Food digestion occurs with fermentation. Does not produce enzymes. pH of 6-7. VERY IMPORTANT TO MAINTAIN!!!! in order to absorb VFA's and secrete bicarbonate and phosphate salts. |
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The most common sites of impaction in the large intestine are:
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Flexures; bends connecting the each part of the large intestine.
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What are the end products of microbes-fermentation?
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Volatile fatty acids (VFA)- acetate, butyrate, and propionate.
Gases- CO2 and CH4 |
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Bacteria, Fungi, and Protozoa are:
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Microbes that to aid in digestion via fermentation.
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Abrupt changes in diet cause:
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Colic
Acidiosis Reduced diet digestibility |
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Which problems result in the Large intestine (hindgut) when:
Low levels of fibre and high levels of starch and sugar are fed. |
High levels of VFA produced. Lower pH, lactic acid produced which can result in
– Death of fibre degrading bacteria – Colic – Acidosis/laminitis |
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The large intestine (hindgut) is designed to process what?
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Fibre.
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Problems occur in the Large Intestine (hindgut) when:
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Low levels of fibre and high levels of starch and sugar are fed.
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Fibrous feeds are required for
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Healthy gut.
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Sudden changes to diet cause the following problems:
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GIT disturbance
Ill health Reduced diet digestibility |
