Anatomy And Physiology Of Articulation

Front 1

articulation

Back 1

process of joining two elements together

Front 2

articulatory system

Back 2

system of mobile and immobile articulators brought into contact for the purpose of shaping the sounds of speech

Front 3

vocal tract

Back 3

consists of the mouth (oral cavity), the region behind the mouth (pharynx) and the nasal cavity

Front 4

resonant frequency

Back 4

frequency of sound to which the cavity most effectively responds

as the volume of the air in the bottle increases, the frequency of the tone decreases

Front 5

mandible

Back 5

massive unpaired bone making up the lower jaw of the face

Front 6

velum

Back 6

soft palate

movable muscle mass separating the oral and nasal cavities

attached in front to the palantine bone and is thus a muscular extension of the hard palate

Front 7

lips

Back 7

the orbicularis oris inferior and superior muscles provide a flexible system for lip protrusion, closure, retraction, elevation and depression

Front 8

alveolar ridge

Back 8

along with the teeth, alveolar ridge of the maxillae make up the lateral margins of the oral cavity

Front 9

hard palate

Back 9

roof of the mouth

have prominent ridges running laterally which are the rugae- potentially useful structures in the formation of the bolus of food during deglutition and serving as a landmark in articulation

median raphe divides hard palate in equal halves

Front 10

cheeks

Back 10

play role in change of resonance

Front 11

velum

Back 11

differentiates nasal sounds form non-nasal sounds

Front 12

teeth

Back 12

mechanism for mastication

provide articulatory surfaces for several speech sounds: f, v. voiced and voiceless th

buccal surface, lingual surface, occlusal surface, medial surface, distal surface

deciduous vs. permanent

Front 13

maxillae

Back 13

paired bones that make up the upper jaw

make up most of the roof of the mouth, nose and upper dental ridge and are involved in clefting of the lip and hard palate

Front 14

bite block

Back 14

stabilizes mandible so that other articulators can be evauluated or exercised independently

used during an evaluation to differentiate contribution of mandible from lips or tongue during articulation

Front 15

cleft lip

Back 15

arise during early fetal development

may involve soft tissue alone or include cleft of maxilla up to incisive foramen

Front 16

cleft palate

Back 16

arises from some mechanical intervention in development

as oral cavity and mandible grow, tongue drops down and processes can extend making midline contact and fuse

aka in dumb terms- tongue NEEDS to drop down or else palate won't fuse

Front 17

nasoendoscopy

Back 17

uses a flexible scope to enter nasal passageway

scope can be maneuvered through the opened velopharyngeal port to permit viewing of laryngeal structures

Front 18

caries

Back 18

decay of soft or bony tissue

before dental hygiene, it was not uncommon to lose teeth to caries

Front 19

laryngopharynx

Back 19

bounded anteriorly by the epiglottis and inferiorly by the esophagus

Front 20

oropharynx

Back 20

immediately posterior to the fauces, bounded above by the velum

lower boundary of the hyoid bone

Front 21

nasopharynx

Back 21

space above the soft palate bounded posteriorly by the pharyngeal protuberance of the occipital bone

lateral wall contains the orifice of the Eustacian tube

Front 22

Eustacian tube

Back 22

aka auditory tube

coursing from the middle ear space to the nasopharynx

Front 23

pharyngeal tonsil

Back 23

aka adenoids

mass of lymphatic tissue within the nasopharynx

Front 24

lingual frenulum

Back 24

joins the inferior tongue and the mandible- stabilizing the tongue during the movement

Front 25

orbicularis oris superior and inferior

Back 25

act like a drawstring to pull lips closer together and effect a labial seal

serve as a point of insertion for many other muscles

help provide a wide variety of face gestures

flexible system for lip protrusion, closure, retraction, elevation and depression

Front 26

median fibrous septum

Back 26

tongue is divided into lateral halves by a median fibrous septum which extends throughout its entire length and is fixed below to the hyoid bone

in either half there are two sets of muscles, extrinsic and intrinsic

Front 27

foramen cecum

Back 27

a shallow depression in the posterior dorsal midline of the tongue that is the remnant of the more cranial part of the embryonic duct from which the thyroid gland developed

Front 28

Passavant's Pad

Back 28

prominence on the posterior wall of the naso-pharynx formed by contraction of the superior constrictor of the pharynx during swallowing

"landing pad" for soft palate

when present, appears as a ridge at point of articulation of soft palate within wall

appears to develop most markedly in individuals with palatal insufficiency- perhaps from compensatory activity

Front 29

mandibular elevators

Back 29

endowed with muscle spindles

stay in dynamic balance along with the depressors

Front 30

mandibular depressors

Back 30

grinding requires coordination contraction of these muscles along with elevators

Front 31

hyponasality

Back 31

opening and closing of velar port must occur precisely and rapidly, or result will be hyper- or hyponasality

Front 32

palatal lift

Back 32

device, typically anchored to teeth, used to elevate soft palate to more closely approximate position of velum for closure

Front 33

coarticulation

Back 33

overlapping effect of one articulatory pattern on another

Front 34

apraxia

Back 34

characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out learned purposeful movements

Front 35

limb apraxia

Back 35

when movements of the arms and legs are involved

Front 36

oral apraxia

Back 36

disorder where the child, who typically is a "late talker" is unable to coordinate and/or initiate movement of their jaw

Front 37

apraxia of speech

Back 37

speech disorder in which a person has trouble saying what he or she wants to say correctly and consistently

Front 38

perturbation

Back 38

sudden, unexpected force applied to an articulator

Front 39

breathy phonation: variation on modal phonation

Back 39

VF's are inadequately approximated

vibrating margin permits excessive airflow in between them

inefficient and causes air wastage

may signal presence of vocal nodules or benign of malignant growths

Front 40

whispering

Back 40

not really a phonatory mode

VFs are partially adducted and tensed to develop turbulence in the airstream (noise to make speech)

arytenoid cartilages are rotated slightly

strenuous and can cause vocal fatigue

Front 41

intensity

Back 41

refers to power or pressure of acoustic signal

measured in dB

direction function of PRESSURE

Front 42

summary of vocal register

Back 42

sustained phonation will take several forms but modal phonation will characterize most speech

upper range= falsetto
lower range= glottal fry

Front 43

pitch

Back 43

correlate of FREQUENCY

as frequency increases, pitch increases

VFs vibrate at same frequency when mass and elastic remains constant

Front 44

optimal pitch (frequency)

Back 44

pitch of vocal fold vibration that is most appropriate for individual

during reading task- adult female= 212 Hz adult male=132 Hz and children=300 Ha

mean frequency tends to be lower for spontaneous speech than reading

Front 45

change in vocal fold length

Back 45

males undergo significant growth of muscle and cartilage which results in greater muscle mass and longer vocal folds

Front 46

habitual pitch

Back 46

frequency of vibration of VFs that is used during speech

in ideal condition, this would be the SAME as optimal pitch

Front 47

average fundamental frequency

Back 47

may reflect frequency of vibration of sustained phonation or conversational speech

most accurately reflects client's true average rate of vibration

Front 48

habitual use of low pitch

Back 48

can result in ulcers--> open sores on epithelium

lesions found on medial margins of vocal processes

associated with esophageal reflux

Front 49

pitch range

Back 49

difference between highest and lowest frequencies

individuals are usually capable of approximately 2 octave of change in frequency

can be expanded through voice training

Front 50

pitch changing mechanism

Back 50

stretching and tensing folds using cricothyroid and thryovocalis muscles

thyrovocalis is a tensor of vocal folds

Front 51

mass changes

Back 51

as mass decreases, frequency of vibration increases

Front 52

fundamental frequency

Back 52

as mass per unit length INCREASES and tension DECREASES, frequency will also DECREASE

with contraction of thryomuscularis, VFs are relaxed and shortened so they are less tense

increasing pitch requires increase of tension and thereby increasing glottal resistance

if airflow is to remain constant through glottis, pressure must increase

Front 53

intensity

Back 53

loudness is correlate to intensity

physical measure of power ratios and we increase subglottal pressure to increase vocal tensity

low intensity- opening and closing phases
high-intensity- opening phase is compressed as is closing but time in closed phase is increased

Front 54

cycle of vibration stages

Back 54

opening stage= VFs are opening
closing stage= VFs are returning to approximation
closed stage= no air is escaping

Front 55

increase intensity

Back 55

VFs are compressed and it takes more force to open them

VFs close more rapidly and tend to stay closed because they are compressed

Front 56

intensity & frequency

Back 56

controlled independently-> you can increase one without increasing the other

it is difficult to increase intensity without increasing the pitch but trained singers can do this

Front 57

summary of laryngeal tension

Back 57

increased laryngeal tension is required for increasing intensity and will also increase vocal frequency

Front 58

frequency perturbation of vocal jitter

Back 58

measure of cycle by cycle variation in fundamental frequency of vibration

provides exquisite muscle tone and stability but requires instrumentation for measurement

percent jitter is indication of how perfectly the imperfect system is oscillating

good measure of client change over time

Front 59

shimmy

Back 59

cycle to cycle variation in vocal loudness

Front 60

prosodic elements

Back 60

include pitch, intonation, loudness, stress, duration and rhythm (change pitch and intensity for prosody- system of stress to vary meaning)

convey info concerning emotion and intent
ex. content vs. content

Front 61

intonation

Back 61

melody of speech provided by variation of frequency

may be considered melodic envelope that contains the sentence

falling and rising pattern of speech

fundamental frequency fluctuation for declarative statement and question form