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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a os penis?
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a bone in the penis of the dog
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What is a os cordis?
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a bone in the heart of the cow
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What are osteoprogenitor cells?
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small mitotic cells that divide to produce daughter cells that will eventually differentiate into osteoblasts
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After the osteoblasts are surrounded by bone matrix, what is it called?
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an Osteocyte
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What is an Osteoclast?
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the final type of cell that can be found within the bone structure and are responsible for the breakdown of and phagocytic action on the osteocytes
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What are 5 functions of bones?
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1. Support 2. Protection 3. Leverage 4. Storage 5. Blood Cell Formation
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What is the most basic function is to support the body?
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Support
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What forms a shield around the delicate soft tissues and vital organs?
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Protection
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What bones connect to skeletal muscles via tendons to allow for movement?
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Leverage
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What is the storage function of bone?
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a storage site for many minerals especially calcium and phosphorous
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What is blood cell formation?
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hematopoiesis in the bone marrow for rbcs and most wbcs
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What is the second hardest natural substance in the body- with enamel being the hardest?
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Bone
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What is bone composed of?
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a few cells embedded in an intercellular substance called the matrix that starts out soft and then becomes hardened when calcium and phosphate crystals are deposited in it.
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What does an Osteoblast become in bone?
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the mature osteocyte
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What 3 things make up the matrix?
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1. Collagen 2. Gelatin 3. Osteoblasts
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What is Ossification?
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Calcium & phosphate infiltrate and give bone its hardness.
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What are Osteoblasts enclosed in?
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Lacunae
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What are Canaliculi?
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Tiny channels that osteocytes use to communicate with one another
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What are Lacunae and Canaliculi called together?
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Interstitial Lamelle
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How do Osteocytes get their food?
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through blood by passing through the canaliculi
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What are two main types of Bone structure?
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1. Cancellous Bone 2. Compact Bone
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What does Cancellous Bone consist of?
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tiny "spicules", in life the spaces between the spicules are occupied by bone marrow
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What are two functions of Cancellous bones?
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1. Keep bones light 2. prevent bone damages due to forces
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What is Compact bone?
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tightly compacted producing a very heavy, dense, and strong osteogenic structure.
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What are 5 functions of Compact bone?
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1. provide support and strength
2. protection 3. leverage for muscle attachment 4. storage for minerals 5. blood cell formation in medulla |
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What is the Haversian System?
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Osteons with their Central Canals runs lengthwise with the compact structure consisting of layers of bone matrix around a central haversian canal.
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What does the Haversian canal have?
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blood, lymph and nerves
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How are Canaliculi positioned?
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run horizontal and connect with each osteon and the haversian (central) canals allowing for transfer of nutrients and waste in the bone
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What are the Periosteum?
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except at articular, is outer surface
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What is the Endosteum?
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the inner layer of bone.
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What contains bone forming cells?
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both Peri- and Endosteum
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What are Osteoblasts?
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cells that secrete the matrix of the bone and then supply minerals necessary for it to harder. Endostium, periosteum, and haversian canals.
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What are Osteocytes?
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after the above osteoblasts are trapped in the matrix, they become osterocytes
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What is an Osteoclast?
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located in the center of the cortical bone, are the "evil twin" of the osteocyte; instead of forming bone, they eat it. they also allow the body to withdraw calcium from the bones when necessary to raise calcium levels
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What can bone be described as?
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a vascular connective tissue
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What does bone have and extensive supply of?
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blood
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What is the middle of the long bone called?
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Diaphysis
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What supplies the diaphysis?
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the nutrient artery and vein
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How many bones have one nutrient artery and a vein?
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Majority, although some may have more
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what are the foramina?
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small holes through which the vessels pass into the bones
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where do the vessels carry the blood supply?
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oseons
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Why do we feel pain when an injury occurs?
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because bones have a rich nerve supply
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where is the nervous supply located?
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primarily in the periosteum and branches travel with the artery into the cortex and other areas of the bone
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why does bone need oxygen and blood?
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because it is live tissue
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Where does most of the blood supply to bone come from?
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countless tiny blood vessels that penetrate in from the periosteum
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What are the Volkmann's Canals also known as? and where are they placed
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Osteon and they come in at right to the haversian canals and join the blood vessels, nerves and lymph in the haversian canals
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What enters through the nutrient foramina?
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the larger blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels; after they enter through the nutrient foramina and journey all the way into the bone marrow
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What are 2 ways bone formation occurs?
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1. Endochondral 2. Intramembranous
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What is Endochondral?
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Ossification preformed in cartilage. It is also the most common bone formation
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How does Endochondral occur?
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occurs with the body creating a "template" of cartilage that is later replaced almost totally by bone.
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Where does the Intramembranous occur?
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only occurs in places like the skull where there is flat bone. Here bone forms in fibrous tissue membranes that cover the brain in the fetus
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bone will replace all of the what?
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fibrous tissue payment
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What are the four basic shapes of bones?
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1. long 2. Short 3. Flat 4. Irregular
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Name 6 long bones
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1. femur 2. humerus 3. tibia 4. fibula 5. radius 6. ulna
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Name 5 short bones
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1. carpal 2. tarsal 3. long pastern 4. short pastern
5. distal pastern |
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Name 3 Flat bones
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1. ribs 2. skull 3. scapula
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What do long bones have?
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a middle (diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses) that are usually enlarged for muscle attachment and articulation
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What are the outer and inner layers made of?
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outer layer is formed from compact bone; inner medulla is formed from bone marrow.
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What is the epiphyses made of?
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formed from cancellous bone that gives some degree of strength in many directions without being too heavy.
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Are long bones usually straight or curved and why?
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curved to help to withstand greater forces
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What are most bones of the limb?
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long bones
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What are the Epiphyseal plates?
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cartilage located between the epiphysis and diaphysis becoming bone at the point of puberty.
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What are short bones shaped like?
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small cubes of marshmallows
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What is the inside of a short bone like?
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spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone.
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What are short bone's functions?
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to cushion impact
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Where are short bone's found?
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the wrist and ankle
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What do short bone's not have?
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no medullar cavity and no cell formation
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What do flat bones consist of?
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two thin plates of compact bone separated by cancellous bone called diploe; There is no bone marrow
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What is irregular about irregular bones?
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either have characteristics of more than one of the other categories or just have a truly irregular shape
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What is the largest of the sesamoid bones? what is its function?
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Patella and all function to aid in leverage allowing tendon attachments from muscles increasing the mechanical advantage and thus strength
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Where are the spaces within the bone marrow located?
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1. area between the spicules of cancellous bone
2. the large space within the diaphysis of long bone |
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What does Red bone marrow do?
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produces red blood cells, white blood cells and thrombocytes
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What is Yellow bone marrow?
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aged marrow that can be reactivated in a time of stress or emergency
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What does Red bone marrow consist of?
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the hematopoietic tissue.
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What is the Red bone marrow responsible for?
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all rbcs, thrombocytes and wbc production with the exception of lymphocytes.
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What marrow makes up the majority of the bone marrow in the young animals but only a small portion in the older animals?
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Red marrow
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Where is red marrow located in the old?
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limited to the ends of long bone and interiors of the pelvic and sternum bones
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What does yellow marrow consist of?
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primarily of adipose (fat) connective tissue
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What is special about yellow marrow?
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It is the most common type of marrow in adults and does not produce blood cells, but it can revert to red bone marrow and churn out the rbcs
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What is the Articular surface?
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these are joint surfaces, smooth areas of compact bone where bones come in contact with each other to form joints
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What is each Articular surface covered by?
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a smooth, thin layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage. It is designed to reduce friction and wear at the joint
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Where are all articular processes found?
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inside a joint
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Where are all non articular processes found?
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outside a joint and usually where muscles and tendons attach
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What is a Condyle?
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a large, round articular surface. they have a somewhat cylindrical shape.
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Where are the major condyles located?
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on the distal end of the humerus and femur and on the occipital bone of the skull
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what is a head?
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a somewhat spherical surface on the proximal end of a long bone
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Where are heads found?
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on the proximal end of the humerus, femur and rib
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What do the heads of the humerus and femur form?
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the ball portion of the ball and socket shoulder and hip joints
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What long bone are heads connected by?
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a Neck
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What is a facet?
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a flat articular surface. The joing movement between two facets is a kind fo rocking motion
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Where are facets found?
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on many bones, such as carpal and tarsal bones, vertebrae and long bones such as the radius and ulna.
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What is the Trochlea? Where are they found?
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a pulley like articular mass; at the distal long bones like the humerus and the femur.
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What is Tuberosity?
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large non-articular process
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What is a Tubercle-
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smaller process
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What is a spine?
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Pointed process or ridge
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What is a Crest?
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sharp ridge
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What is a neck?
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cylindrical part of bone to which a head is attached
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What is a line (linea)?
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small ridge or mark on bone
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What does process mean?
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boney projection
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What is a Foramen?
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a hole in the bone usually something important, such as a nerve or blood vessel, passes through it
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What is the exception Foramen?
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the obtuator foramen that although the largest formation in the body only a small oburator nerve passes through it. The large hole is to lighten the weight
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What is a Fossa?
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a depressed or sunken areal on the surface of a bone. Fossae are usually occupied by a muscle or tendon
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What do Paleontologists use the fossae for dinosaur bones for?
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to infer the size and actions of some of the animal's tendons and muscles
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What is a Canal?
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a tunnel through one or more bones; a hole in the vertebrae is considered a foramen, however, if you line the vertebrae end to end in their appropriate formation, all the foramen produce a canal. In this case, the spinal canal.
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Name 4 articular depressions?
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1. Fovea
2. Cotyloid Cavity 3. Glenoid Cavity 4. Notch |
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What is the Fovea?
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a small depression that may be articular or not
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What is the Cotyloid Cavity
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a deep articular concavity found primarily between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis.
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What does the type of Cotyloid Cavity allow for?
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total movement and is one of the primary examples of a diathroidal joint.
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What is the Glenoid Cavity?
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a shallow articular concavity, very similar to the fore mention cotyloid cavity but far more shallow
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What is the most common location for the Glenoid Cavity?
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between the humerus and the scapula
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What is a Notch?
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an indention which may be articular or not.
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What does the Axial Skeleton include?
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the head and the trunk.
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What are the 5 components of the Axial Skeleton?
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1. skull
2. hyoid bone 3. spinal column 4. ribs 5. sternum |
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Where do all of the bones on the Axial skeleton lie?
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on or near the median plane of the body
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What is the most complex part of the skeleton?
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the Skull
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How many bones to most domestic animals have making up their specific skull?
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37 or 38 seperate bones
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What are the bones of the skull united by?
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jagged, immovable, fibrous joints called sutures
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What is the Jaw connected to?
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the rest of the skull by a freely movable synovial joint known as the temporal-mandibular joint.
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What are the 3 regions that we group skull bones together?
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1. Cranium
2. ear bones 3. bones of the face |
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What is the Cranium?
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the portion of the skull that surrounds the brain.
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how many bones in most domestic animals form the Cranium?
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11 bones
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What are the two parts that we divide the cranium into?
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external and internal bones.
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What is special about the External bones?
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are at least partially visible on the surface of the intact skull while the internal bones are hidden and cannot be seen without disassembling the skull
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What are the 5 parts of the External cranium bones and how many of each are there?
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1. Frontal (2)
2. Interparietal (2) 3. occipital (1) 4. Parietal (2) 5. temporal (2) |
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How many bones of the ear are external?
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None
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What are the 6 parts of the external bones of the face and how many of each are there?
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1.Incisive (2)
2.lacrimal (2) 3. mandible (1 or 2) 4. maxillary (2) 5. Nasal (2) 6. Zygomatic (2) |
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What are the 2 parts of the Internal Cranium and how many of each?
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1. ethmoid bone (1)
2. sphenoid bone (1) |
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What are the 3 parts of the Internal bones of the ear and how many of each?
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1. incus (2)
2. malleus (2) 3. stapes (2) |
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What are the 4 parts of the internal bones of the face and how many of each?
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1. Palatine (2)
2. Pterygoid (2) 3. Turbinates (4) 4. Vomer (1) |
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What is the Occipital bone?
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a single bone that forms the "base" (caudoventral portion) of the skull.
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Why is the Occipital the most caudal skull bone and is very important?
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bc it is where the spinal cord exits the skull; it is the skull bone that articulates (forms a joint) with the first cervical vertebra.
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What is the Foramen Magnum?
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a large hole is in the center of the occipital bone
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What is the Atlantooccipital Joint?
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On either side of the magnum are the occipital condyles, articular surfaces form this.
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What are the Interparietal bones?
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two small bones located on the dorsal midline between the occipital bone and the parietal bones
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Where are the Interparietal bones seen?
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usually clearly visible in young animals. In older animals they may fuse together into one bone, or they may fuse to the parietal bones and become indistinguishable
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What are the Parietal bones?
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the two parietal bones from the dorsolateral walls of the cranium. They are large and well developed in the dog and cat but are relatively small in horses and cattle.
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What are the Temporal Bones?
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the two temporal bones are located ventral to the parietal bones.
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Why are the Temporal Bones important?
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they form the wall of the cranium; contain the middle and inner ear; and they for the TMJ with the mandible or the lower jaw
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What is the only ear structure that is visible from the outside? and what is it?
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external acoustic meatus- the boney canal that leads into the middle and inner ear cavities
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What are the Frontal Bones?
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the "forehead" region of the skull
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What is contained in the Frontal bone?
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A large paranasal sinus and frontal sinus
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What is the cornual process of the frontal bone in horned cattle, goats, and sheep?
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the "horn core" around which the horn develops. This process is hollow and communicates with the frontal sinus.
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What happens when adult cattle and goats are dehorned?
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the conual processes are sawed off then we can look right down into the frontal sinus
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What is a good reason to dehorn young cattle?
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before the "horn buds" have united with the frontal bone
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What are two hidden internal bones of the cranium?
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1. Sphenoid bone
2. Ethmoid bone |
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What is the sphenoid bone? where is it located?
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a single bone forms the ventral part of the cranium and contains a depression (pituitary fossa) that houses the pituitary gland. Just rostral to the occipital bone
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What is the Ethmoid bone and where is it?
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a single bone located just rostral to the sphenoid bone. It contains the cribriform plate through which the many branches of the olfactory nerve pass from the upper portion of the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulbs of the brain.
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What are the Ossicles?
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three tiny but very important pairs of ear bones hidden away in the middle ear.
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What are the 3 bones the ossicles are divided into/
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1. Malleus (hammer)
2. Incus (anvil) 3. Stapes (Stirrup) |
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What is the Ossicles function?
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to transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane across the middle ear cavity to an inner ear structure called the cochlea.
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What do receptor cells do in the cochlea?
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they convert the vibrations to nerve impulses that are interpreted by the brain as sound.
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What are the Incisive bones?
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two sometimes called the premaxillary bones are the two most rostral in the skull.
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In all common domestic animals except ruminants, the incisive bones house what?
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the upper incisor teeth
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What makes up the rest of the skull besides external and internal bones?
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bones of the face
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What do ruminants have instead of upper incisor teeth?
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hard dental pad
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What are the Nasal Bones?
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Two form the "bridge" of the nose. The length of the animal's face is the main influence on the nasal bones.
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What is a long face called?
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dolichocephalic
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What is a short face called?
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Brachycephalic
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What are the Maxillary Bones?
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the two make up most of the upper jaw
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What do the Maxillary bones house?
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the upper canine teeth, if present, and all of the cheek teeth.
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What in addition to the palatine bones form the hard plate?
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the maxillary bones
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What is the hard palate?
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the bony separation between the mouth and the nasal cavity that we call the "roof of the mouth"
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What do the maxillary bone form?
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the rostral portion of the hard palate, and the palatine bones form the caudal part
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What are the Lacrimal bones?
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two are small bones that form part of the medial portion of the orbit of the eye.
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What houses the lacrimal sac in the living animal?
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A space within each lacrimal bone.
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What is the lacrimal sac?
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Part of the tear drainage system of the eye
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What is the Zygomatic Bone?
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two are also known as the malar bones. They form a portion of the orbit of the eye and join with a process from the temporal bones to form the zygomatic arches on either side of the skull
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What is the Mandible? What does it house and what does it form?
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The lower jaw; all the lower teeth and is the only movable skull bone; the TMJ with the temporal bone on each side.
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In species such as dogs, cats and cattle, the two sides of the mandible are separate bone united by?
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cartilaginous joint, mandibular symphysis, at their rostral ends.
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Why can separation of the bones occur at the site from blunt- force trauma to the face? What is this called?
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Beacuse the symphysis is the weakest part of the mandible; Mandibular symphyseal fracture
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In what two species, do the two halves of the mandible fuse together into one solid bone?
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In adult horses and swine
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What are the main regions of the mandible?
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the shaft and ramus
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What are the Pterygoid bones?
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two smalll pterygoid bones support part of the lateral walls of the pharynx (throat)
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What are the Palatine bones?
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two and make up the caudal portion of the hard palate. The palate separates the mouth from the nasal cavity. The rest of the hard palate is made up of part of the maxillary bones
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What are the Vomer bones?
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single vomer bone is located on the midline of the skull and forms part of the nasal septum-- the central "wall" between the left and right nasal passages
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What are Tubinates?
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aka- nasal conchae. They are four thin scroll-like bones that fill most of the space in the nasal cavity.
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What does the scroll like shape of the turbinates do? and what does that process do?
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forces air inhaled through the nost to pass around man twists and turns as it passes through the nasal cavity. It helps to warm and humidify the air and also helps trap any tiny particles of inhaled foreign material in the moist surface of the nasal epithelium. This helps "condition" the inhaled air before it reaches the delicate lungs.
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What is the hyoid bone?
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aka- the hyoid apparatus; looks some what like an "H" that its two legs bent back to form a U-shaped structure.
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What does the hyoid support?
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the base of the tongue, the pharynx and larynx and helps the animal swallow.
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Although thought of as a single bone, how many bones actually make up the hyoid?
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16-17 all of which have different names.
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